<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744</id><updated>2011-07-11T15:07:46.377-07:00</updated><category term='posters'/><category term='workshops'/><category term='instrucciones'/><category term='materials'/><category term='incitaciones'/><category term='assessment'/><category term='call'/><category term='presentations'/><title type='text'>Rooms for Discussion</title><subtitle type='html'>19th Annual Columbia/NYU Graduate Student Conference on Hispanic and Lusophone Literatures and Cultures. April 2-3, 2010</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>34</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-5719806696831436679</id><published>2010-04-05T10:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-05T10:24:42.476-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='assessment'/><title type='text'>After the Conference: Assessments, Outcomes, Comments, etc</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;A collective assessment of the Conference: a space for presenters, respondents, attendees and organizers to comment on the Conference results. Please sign your comment!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-5719806696831436679?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/5719806696831436679/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/04/after-conference-assessments-outcomes.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/5719806696831436679'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/5719806696831436679'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/04/after-conference-assessments-outcomes.html' title='After the Conference: Assessments, Outcomes, Comments, etc'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-2796353929619256633</id><published>2010-03-09T08:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T09:34:36.004-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='workshops'/><title type='text'>List of Workshops</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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 &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3a-pablo-martinez-palimpsestos.html"&gt;Pablo  Martínez&lt;/a&gt; :: Palimpsestos transculturales en cinco poetas (neo)Modernist(a)s: Darío, Eliot, Paz, Gimferrer y Villena&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[1b]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3b-allen-young-equivocal-modernity-of.html"&gt;Allen  Young&lt;/a&gt; :: The Equivocal Modernity of the Baroque&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[1c]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/1c-cristina-burneo-viaje-hacia-el.html"&gt;Cristina   Burneo&lt;/a&gt; :: Viaje hacia el sentido: poesía bilingüe en cuatro poetas andinos&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Workshop 2&lt;/span&gt; :: Reading Violence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Friday, April 2 :: 5.30pm]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[2a]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2a-claudia-arteaga-la-articulacion-de.html"&gt;Claudia Arteaga&lt;/a&gt; :: La articulación de la violencia y las paradojas de la femineidad en dos Desengaños Amorosos de María de Zayas&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[2b]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2b-fernando-toledo-este-circo-no-va.html"&gt;Fernando  Toledo&lt;/a&gt; :: “Este circo no va contigo”: crisis de imaginarios urbanos en la narrativa peruana sobre la guerra interna&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[2c]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2c-isabel-gomez-teaching-border-to.html"&gt;Isabel  Gómez&lt;/a&gt; :: Teaching the Border to a Nation Undermined: El Masacre se pasa a pie and Domesticizing Violence in Literature&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Workshop 3&lt;/span&gt; :: Gender and Nation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Saturday, April 3 :: 11am]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[3a]&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3a-cecile-stehrenberger-folklore-nation.html"&gt;Cécile  Stehrenberger&lt;/a&gt; :: Folklore, Nation &amp;amp; Gender in a Colonial Encounter: Los Coros y Danzas de la Sección Femenina de la Falange in Equatorial&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[3b]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3b-noemi-martin-santo-heroic-hetaera.html"&gt;Noemí  Martín Santo&lt;/a&gt; :: Heroic Hetaera: The Idealization of East Asian Prostitution in Early XX Century Hispanic Travel Writing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[3c]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3c-krissie-butler-new-liberator-fidel.html"&gt;Krissie Butler&lt;/a&gt; :: The New Liberator: Fidel Castro and Masculine Independence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Workshop  4&lt;/span&gt; :: Experience and Narration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Saturday, April 3 :: 2pm]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[4a]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4a-dolores-lima-autofiguraciones-de.html"&gt;Dolores  Lima&lt;/a&gt; :: Autofiguraciones de autor en la narrativa actual: el frívolo caso de César Aira&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[4b]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4b-sergi-rivero-navarro-el-extasis.html"&gt;Sergi  Rivero-Navarro&lt;/a&gt; :: El éxtasis psicotrópico en la obra de Néstor Perlongher&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"&gt;[4c]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4c-elena-peregrina-realidad-ficcion-y.html"&gt;Elena  Peregrina&lt;/a&gt; :: Realidad, ficción y meta-ficción en Apocalipsis de Solentiname&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Conference will be held at:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Columbia University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Casa Hispanica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;612 W. 122nd St. (see a map &lt;a href="http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&amp;amp;q=612+W.+116th+Street+new+york&amp;amp;um=1&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amp;hq=&amp;amp;hnear=612+W+116th+St,+New+York,+NY+10027&amp;amp;gl=us&amp;amp;ei=FG6yS4ShB4G88gaq1P3TAQ&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=geocode_result&amp;amp;ct=title&amp;amp;resnum=1&amp;amp;ved=0CAcQ8gEwAA"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;New York&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;input id="gwProxy" type="hidden"&gt;&lt;!--Session data--&gt;&lt;input onclick="jsCall();" id="jsProxy" type="hidden"&gt;&lt;div id="refHTML"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-2796353929619256633?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/2796353929619256633/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-1-reading-violence.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/2796353929619256633'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/2796353929619256633'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-1-reading-violence.html' title='List of Workshops'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-1459945851364494669</id><published>2010-03-08T18:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T08:33:29.932-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='incitaciones'/><title type='text'>Incitación: This is not a scientific poll (todo es margen de error)</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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	mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD; 	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} .MsoChpDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	mso-default-props:yes; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} @page Section1 	{size:8.5in 11.0in; 	margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; 	mso-header-margin:.5in; 	mso-footer-margin:.5in; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;Gadamer por supuesto las aborrecía. ¿Qué pueden decirles las encuestas a los hombres de letras? Generalizaciones, negaciones del matiz. Nada. Las encuestas son para representar a la gente. A los intelectuales les sobra. “La hermenéutica de la pregunta”, proclaman, como haciéndose un torniquete en la pierna que les ayude a dejar de cojear. Pero si para el educado oficial universitario la única representación que cuenta es la de su palabra directa, para los hombres de negocios la representación de las ideas y las inclinaciones de la gente en números ha significado una mina de oro. El siglo veinte ha sido testigo de la proliferación de varias industrias. Una de ellas la industria de la investigación de la opinión pública. Gente rica, influyente; gente que grita a diario en FOX NEWS, en todas partes: Gallup, Rasmussen, Datexco, Angus Reid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;¿El &lt;i&gt;Academic Poll&lt;/i&gt; del blog &lt;i&gt;roomsfordiscussion&lt;/i&gt; a manera de gesto de sutura del abismo? Ni más faltaba. ¿Entonces?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;La propuesta era simple: probar la máquina URTAK en escenario académico y sin hacer ruido. Suficiente ruido ya con esto de “hacer talleres”, se dijo, como si el formato taller en verdad fuera una especie de lagartija extraña del más allá. Y sin ruido los organizadores colgaron la maquinita en el blog y punto. ¿Qué información arrojó (o ha arrojado hasta ahora, porque ahí sigue hasta que apaguen la luz) respecto a la migración al formato taller? Consenso: 93% opinó que la migración tenía sentido (&lt;a href="http://www.urtak.com/u/1040?f=st%7Caa&amp;amp;s=taller&amp;amp;page=1&amp;amp;question_id=31527"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;ver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;). Y de los 28 que votaron ninguno le hizo mala cara a la pregunta: 100% care.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Edward Morawski, presidente de Angus Reid, interrumpido un día en su teléfono por una periodista de la revista The Walrus que le preguntaba por URTAK, dijo: “Any jackass can go on the street and ask a question of ten people. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;But what does that mean, except for what those ten people think?” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Migrada la operación mental del señor Morawski a nuestros seminarios la conclusión puede hacernos palidecer: we are the jackasses; parece que debemos empezar a reclamar que las clases se hagan en la calle.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Pero ¿qué otra cosa aparte de consensos? ¿Qué le importa a esta comunidad de sujetos que transitaron el blog durante las últimas dos semanas? ¿Cuáles son las preguntas significativas que construyó la dinámica colaborativa propia de la tecnología? ¿Qué nos divide? Pues ahí está la base de datos, siempre pública, con cerca de 1.900 clicks respuestas disponible para el que quiera averiguar (cada pregunta comparable con otra), porque ahora mismo lo que a mí me interesa en este párrafo que no sé si en su formato blog aceptará que se le cuelguen links, es el cuarto oscuro de atrás: lo que menos parece importarnos. Puesta la lista de preocupación patas arriba la máquina sugiere una lectura a mi juicio más volada: las cinco preguntas que menos interesaron parecerían, en principio, preguntas polémicas, con ganas de agudas, preguntas, vamos a decir, esforzadas: una intentando exponer &lt;i&gt;el MLA&lt;/i&gt; como partido político (&lt;a href="http://www.urtak.com/u/1040?o=least_cared%7CASC&amp;amp;f=st%7Caa&amp;amp;page=1&amp;amp;question_id=31561"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;ver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;); otra problematizando el &lt;i&gt;paper norteamericano&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.urtak.com/u/1040?o=least_cared%7CASC&amp;amp;f=st%7Caa&amp;amp;page=1&amp;amp;question_id=30951"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;ver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;); otra interpelando la categoría de &lt;i&gt;hipótesis&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.urtak.com/u/1040?o=least_cared%7CASC&amp;amp;f=st%7Caa&amp;amp;page=1&amp;amp;question_id=31562"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;ver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;); otra inquiriendo en la naturaleza del &lt;i&gt;trabajo de archivo&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.urtak.com/u/1040?o=least_cared%7CASC&amp;amp;f=st%7Caa&amp;amp;page=1&amp;amp;question_id=31538"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;ver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;); otra interrogando la forma como se evalúa al &lt;i&gt;estudiante de posgrado&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.urtak.com/u/1040?o=least_cared%7CASC&amp;amp;f=st%7Caa&amp;amp;page=1&amp;amp;question_id=30458"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;ver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;). Pero nada: apenas de 59% a 76% de preocupación, lo que en URTAK quiere decir que tendieron a preguntarse menos porque así lo fuimos decidiendo como comunidad.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Si es cierto que URTAK puede ser una suerte de chat socrático indirecto donde no sólo Platón pregunta, ¿qué dicen estos residuos de resultados de nuestra relación con el género de la pregunta? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Nothing Produces Silence Like Experience&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;¿Hay facciones promulgando por una suerte de recuperación del género del &lt;i&gt;ensayo&lt;/i&gt; en la práctica de la crítica académica? ¿O por el contrario facciones invocando las categorías de rigor, de calidad, de mayores controles institucionales en defensa del &lt;i&gt;paper&lt;/i&gt; con el objeto de sustituir “hipótesis más o menos dóciles” por “tesis fuertes” con “investigación conceptual”? Quizá una pregunta en la maquinita hizo el ademán de tocarles el hombro a las facciones. Dice allí: “¿Tiene sentido escribir una disertación de doctorado que no aspire a tener la forma y la viabilidad de un manuscrito de ensayos publicables?” La respuesta marca una tendencia más o menos clara: no, 74%, y un 95% dijo importarle la pregunta, pero ya qué signifique eso, tocaría entrar a seguirles tocando el hombro, lo que quién sabe dónde nos deja: ¿contra las cuerdas boqueando, detrás del burladero con las rodillas temblando?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Todo depende del enemigo. Sí, no, no me importa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Juan Álvarez&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-1459945851364494669?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/1459945851364494669/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/incitacion-this-is-not-scientific-poll.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/1459945851364494669'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/1459945851364494669'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/incitacion-this-is-not-scientific-poll.html' title='Incitación: This is not a scientific poll (todo es margen de error)'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-5681388354694341235</id><published>2010-03-08T18:30:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T09:49:57.959-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='incitaciones'/><title type='text'>Incitación: Nothing Produces Silence Like Experience</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;Me hubiera gustado estar allí, ser parte física de esta vehemencia. No pudo ser*. Pero tal vez sea mejor estar por esta vía, prefiero (siempre en presente) la palabra escrita. En todo caso, con egoísmo total y sin vergüenza voy a hacer uso de estas incitaciones, que me gustaría plantear como una serie de preguntas (en el mejor de los casos serán provocaciones, en el peor, veleidades retóricas de una señorita que escribió porque se aburría). Ustedes dirán. Empiezo (aunque no se note) por las preguntas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. "Sólo lo difícil es estimulante" ¿Así nomás vamos a dejar abandonados a Lezama, a Reyes, a Borges? ¿Hasta cuando, en el medio de una Academia que alguna vez fue asilo para el pensamiento crítico, para la palabra verdadera, vamos a seguir rindiendo tributo a la esterilidad, a la escritura pedestre, a los manuales de pobre  sociología, a una crítica que es apenas ejercicio de la sospecha y del enmascaramiento? Sólo lo difícil es estimulante: allí, en donde el corazón zozobra y da un brinco ante un punto final bien puesto, allí estaba, allí está "la única ética de la profesión" que debería interesarnos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2- Ya que hablamos de ética: "La traición no es un simple renunciamiento. Desgraciadamente no se puede simplemente 'renunciar' a una verdad. La denegación en mí del Inmortal es mucho más que un abandono, una cesación, siempre debo convencerme de que el inmortal en cuestión no ha existido jamás y en consecuencia adherir sobre este punto a las opiniones -cuyo único ser es estar al servicio de los intereses- es precisamente esta negación. Puesto que lo Inmortal, si reconozco su existencia me ordena continuar, continuar siendo ese 'alguien' un animal humano como los otros que, sin embargo, se encontró capturado y desplazado por el proceso del acontecimiento de una verdad." La cita, nadie se sorprenderá, es de Alain Badiou. Sí, a veces una encuentra inesperado consuelo en la teoría. Pero es que ese es el problema: esa división entre literatura y crítica, entre "teoría" y "práctica";.... (¿acaso nos dice algo esa "teoría" del acto singular de la práctica....?) Si escribimos con el Inmortal, con el corazón que brinca ante la palabra bien dicha, que sólo se mueve ante lo difícil y su fuga permanente, hay esperanza, hay todavía un lugar para los que llegamos aquí conmovidos por eso que vive en la literatura.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3- Claro que todos caemos en el agujero negro de paper. Bailamos. Por el papelito. Por el certificado. Yo como todos. Pero adentro el Inmortal empuja, lleva las cuentas. De las palabras en vano, de las palabras que van rondando el contorno de esa traición. Imaginen esta pesadilla: que tuviéramos contadas las palabras y, sin saberlo, las hubiéramos desperdiciado en ese tributo a la supuesta escritura científica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4- Hay otra forma de hacer crítica. No hace falta que vuelva a decirles Lezama, Borges, Reyes. Puedo también decir, Adorno, que pensaba en el ensayo seriamente, el ensayo opuesto al pensamiento que quiere desmenuzar, sintentizar, analizar, verbos que sólola química debería reclamar. El ensayo como fuga del sentido, como ejercicio de la imposibilidad, de la dificultad. Esa única máxima.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. "Nothing produces silence like experience". Los dejo con esta frase de Flannery O'Connor. El escritor nada tiene que decir sobre su práctica y por eso resiste todos los asedios: el escritor escribe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;¿Qué otra cosa hace el crítico?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Betina González&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* &lt;b&gt;Nota de los Organizadores:&lt;/b&gt; la presentación de Betina había sido aceptada, pero finalmente no pudo conseguir financiamiento para venir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-5681388354694341235?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/5681388354694341235/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/incitacion-nothing-produces-silence.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/5681388354694341235'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/5681388354694341235'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/incitacion-nothing-produces-silence.html' title='Incitación: Nothing Produces Silence Like Experience'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-196831373094803070</id><published>2010-03-08T18:06:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-13T18:08:14.026-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='materials'/><title type='text'>What's the Academic Poll?</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000099;"&gt;1.  Have you seen the orange and blue question and answer gadget in the upper-right hand corner of the Rooms for Discussion 2010 Blog? It’s the Urtak technology, a digital tool that puts the ability to research public opinion in the hands of the people. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.  What does the academic community tied on some level with the 19th Columbia/NYU graduate conference think, in this case, about the pertinent problems to the profession, the institution or the conference itself? The gadget is there to find out, and in contrast to the traditional ways of polling, with Urtak the participation is shaped by the people’s own questions. In Urtak every participant is at the same time the pollster.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. It’s a simple premise: a group of people, working together, will always be able to ask more insightful questions than one person alone. Under the answer rubric (ternary, not binary) Yes, No, Don’t Care, the Urtak algorithm identifies the questions that the participants care most about and, accordingly, asks these questions with greater frequency, always in a random fashion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.  The participation in Urtak is strictly anonymous. Not even the editor can know who asks which questions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Warning: Urtak can be addictive.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-196831373094803070?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/196831373094803070/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/whats-academic-poll.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/196831373094803070'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/196831373094803070'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/whats-academic-poll.html' title='What&apos;s the Academic Poll?'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-245760443248226937</id><published>2010-03-08T08:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-12T08:53:21.444-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='materials'/><title type='text'>¿Qué es el Academic Poll?</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;1. ¿Han visto ya la maquina naranja y azul de preguntas y respuestas en una de las esquinas del blog Rooms for Discussion 2010? Se trata de la tecnología URTAK, un instrumento digital para poner en manos de la gente la posibilidad de la investigación de la opinión pública.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. ¿Qué piensa, en este caso, sobre problemas pertinentes a la profesión, la institución o el coloquio, la comunidad académica vinculada en algún grado con la Decimonovena conferencia Columbia/NYU de estudiantes graduados? La máquina está ahí para averiguarlo, y a diferencia de la manera tradicional como ha venido practicándose el “arte de encuestar”, con URTAK la experiencia de participación se moldea desde las preguntas mismas de la gente. En URTAK todo participante es al tiempo encuestador.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. La premisa es simple: un grupo de personas, trabajando juntas, siempre tendrá una mejor oportunidad de hacer preguntas significativas que un persona sola. Bajo el esquema de respuestas (ternario, no binario) Sí, No, No me importa, el algoritmo URTAK va identificando las preguntas que más preocupan a los participantes y, en consonancia, va preguntándolas con más frecuencia, siempre de manera aleatoria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. La participación en URTAK es estrictamente anónima. Ni siquiera el editor detrás de la máquina puede saber quién hace qué pregunta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. CUIDADO: URTAK puede ser adictivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-245760443248226937?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/245760443248226937/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/que-es-el-academic-poll.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/245760443248226937'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/245760443248226937'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/que-es-el-academic-poll.html' title='¿Qué es el Academic Poll?'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-7395773539914662090</id><published>2010-03-06T11:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-14T11:50:46.489-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='incitaciones'/><title type='text'>Incitación: La hipótesis es un mito burgués</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000099;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;La enunciación de una “hipótesis” en los primeros párrafos y su “comprobación” hacia los últimos es reglamentaria en el paper. Los docentes nos arrinconan: ¿cuál es la hipótesis? Y nosotros a nuestra vez arrinconamos a nuestros compañeros o alumnos: ¿dónde está tu hipótesis?, “no me queda clara tu hipótesis…”, etc. Este cacareo es casi tan monótono como este otro: “eso ya no se puede hacer”, “eso ya está hecho”, largo etcétera. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La hipótesis se pretende garantía de avance en el conocimiento. Pero esta herencia pseudocientificista interesa menos que la función efectiva de la hipótesis en el paper actual.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Porque seamos sinceros: ¿cuántos de los papers que leemos tienen verdaderamente una hipótesis, es decir, una idea rectora en la que resida su verdadero aporte? En 95 de cada 100 papers académicos la hipótesis es ajena: es de Foucault, de Laclau, de Rancière, de quien sea. Lo que hace el paper es trasladar una intuición a otro campo: aprovechar lo que Foucault permite “hacer visible” para relevar algo nuevo en un campo que no ha tocado Foucault (y en el mejor de los casos ningún otro).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pero entonces lo que interesa en un paper (como siempre: por eso somos investigadores y no filósofos) es lo que releva y vuelve visible en un campo o problema particular, y no las ideas abstractas, casi siempre ajenas, que lo organizan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;¿Qué hace ahí en primer plano la hipótesis? ¿Qué nos está diciendo? La hipótesis no es más que un dispositivo de reconocimiento institucional. En ella el autor dice: yo estoy “up to date”: yo sé qué forma debe tener lo actual. Pero esa facilidad para reconocer lo actualizado en un paper, que permite al medievalista juzgar al especialista en poesía concreta (y viceversa), es lo que vuelve a los papers no sólo obsoletos en cuestión de un lustro, sino mayormente tediosos e incomprensibles para quien no los lea con la lupa del mercado académico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Guido Herzovich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-7395773539914662090?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/7395773539914662090/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/incitacion-la-hipotesis-es-un-mito.html#comment-form' title='6 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/7395773539914662090'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/7395773539914662090'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/incitacion-la-hipotesis-es-un-mito.html' title='Incitación: La hipótesis es un mito burgués'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-1272563941458418923</id><published>2010-03-05T13:23:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-05T13:27:36.184-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='incitaciones'/><title type='text'>¿Qué son las “Incitaciones”?</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;La conferencia concluirá con una mesa de discusión sin oradores fijos, en la que esperamos contar tanto con los presentadores y los respondents como con el resto de los participantes. El temario, todavía  a definir, estará alimentado tanto por las discusiones que se hayan dado en los workshops como por estas “Incitaciones”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;1. La vida está llena de malestares, y los pasillos repletos de  quejas silenciosas. Las “Incitaciones” pretenden canalizar  únicamente las que nos conciernen como estudiantes, investigadores,  críticos. Les proponemos escribir un texto de 1 o 2 páginas (preferiblemente 1) que proponga y argumente muy brevemente un tema a discutir. El texto será colgado en el blog y habrá copias impresas durante la conferencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;2. Estos textos breves pretenden ante todo ser “discutibles”, en el doble sentido de someter algo a la discusión y de que no tienen intención  de ser irrebatibles. Así, es deseable que estén formulados en un  tono claro, directo, e incluso vehemente. Su función será principalmente polémica, es decir que se trata de ofrecer apuntes o intuiciones (incluso disparatadas) que luego nos permitan elaborar algo entre todos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;3. Algunos temas posibles:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;:: El trabajo intelectual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;:: Géneros académicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;:: Usos de la teoría&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;:: Modas intelectuales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;:: Problemas conceptuales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;:: Programas de estudio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;:: Estructura y carencias de los programas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;:: Modalidad docente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-1272563941458418923?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/1272563941458418923/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/que-son-las-incitaciones.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/1272563941458418923'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/1272563941458418923'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/que-son-las-incitaciones.html' title='¿Qué son las “Incitaciones”?'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-8858210858604794368</id><published>2010-03-05T13:17:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T14:09:05.957-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[4c] Elena Peregrina :: Realidad, ficción y meta-ficción en Apocalipsis de Solentiname</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Cambria","serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;To be presented in: &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-4-experience-and-narration.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"&gt;Workshop 4 // Experience and Narration &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;This presentation poses more questions than offers an answer or a systematic reading of Apocalypse in Solentiname by Julio Cortazar. The complex interplay between reality and fiction and its explicit political content make this story particularly rich as well as complicated. In this brief outline, I’d like to suggests a few possible topics to be discussed or at least considered while reading the story, although I must say that most of my suggestions are related to a general concern, for which I’m afraid I have no answer yet: the nature of visual (photographic) perception and its relationship to the notion of experience and the subsequent articulation of a political and aesthetic approach to the reality perceived.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;In Apocalypse in Solentiname, for the first time and quite unexpectedly for the reader, Julio Cortázar introduces himself, the important and worldwide known Argentine writer (the historical public figure), as the narrator on the first person singular of one of his short stories. Mentioning his friends, his trips and even his own literary success referring to Blow-up, Antonioni’s filmic adaption of his short story Las babas del Diablo, Cortazar presents to the reader one of his personal experiences. However, this is not any personal experience, it is a visual experience: a photographic one. When I say that this is a photographic experience I do not intend to say that the trip, the press conference or the talking with friends didn’t take place or are not experiences. What I mean is that it is precisely the reenactment of those experiences in the form of a photographic-slide projection what leads to a different kind of experience, the one that will be particularly emphasized in the story. The nature of this photographic experience, the exceptional and unusual event related to it, allows the main character to see things that he had not seen before. Non the less, &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;can “we” see things that we have not seen before while looking through the lens of a camera, while being there? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;The possibility of seeing things that we cannot usually see, that are usually not revealed straight away, that we do not perceive or that are simply determined by some kind of contingency, is already expressed in the text by the first reference to photography while talking of Polaroid images. The reflection on the Polaroid seems to announce what will happen later on in the plot. The mutability of the images that change and conform themselves in front of our eyes implies the potential mutability of seeing: something different to what we thought to be the referent of the picture may appear in the image. Walter Benjamin called this possibility of seeing what we didn’t know to be there, the optical unconscious. Nevertheless, Benjamin’s notion of the optical unconscious is deeply linked to the material aspects of the scientific and technological optical discoveries that will allow the human eye to see better and more while helping modern men to understand a new world, a new modern society. In Cortazar’s story, seeing what he didn’t know he had experienced (had he experienced it then?) precisely reformulates his relationship to what he thought he had experienced, indeed. In this link between real and possible (contingent experiences), the interplay between reality and fiction, history and story takes place. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;The optical unconscious is not the only idea by Benjamin that can be traced in this text since, in order to articulate the aforementioned interplay between reality and fiction, Cortazar also sketches an interesting reflection on the nature of art based on the benjaminian concept of aura and the connections between copies and originals. When Cortazar decides to take pictures of the paintings, he realizes that he has as many shots left as paintings he wants to photograph.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;This coincidence establishes an interesting relationship between originals and reproductions based on a particular notion of uniqueness: paintings are unique and unique are their photographic reproductions since only one exposure can be shot per each image. (1) Surprisingly, this relationship between the original and the copy has nothing to do with the superior quality of the former over the later because, as Cortazar says in the story, at the moment of reproduction, when the pictures are displayed as slides, he can actually make them better than the originals: &lt;i style=""&gt;Sí, le dije, me los llevo todos, allá los proyectare en mi pantalla y serán más grandes y más brillantes que éstos, jódete. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The concept of uniqueness in relation to art is challenged as it is challenged the notion of experience depending on one vantage point. &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;If there is not only one piece possibly considered to be art, as a matter of fact the original can be improved by other means, there is not one unique possible experience (of art? Life?). This realization modifies, at least forces to rethink, the relationship between art and life to which we will go back later. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Regarding the process of visualizing the images, the slide-projection on the wall at his house back in Paris, it should be argued, still following Benjamin’s ideas, that this process is a reproduction in itself where the idea of a sequence is embedded in the notion of the show. The character is going to project the images, one after the other, and this will create a system, perceived as whole, that will bring him back some memories of past experiences, of things he already saw and is willing to see again, to experience again. This experience ought to be different due to the deferment of perception implied by the whole photographic process (a picture is taken but can only be seen later, nullifying the assumption of an immediate perception), and it entails the possibility of seeing something differently. (2) This deferment also implies the possibility of distinguishing two different experiences at the same time that questions the notion of experience and the implications of bearing witness. Looking at the photographs, the main character realizes that he has beard witness to something he did not know about (which also poses questions about knowledge, what do we know, what exactly do we know, based on what do we perceive, how and what do we perceive, …). First of all, he thought it was all a mistake, a confusion, but shortly after he realized that it cannot be because he took every other picture (again, presence, witness). Then, a reformulation of a past experience takes place: seeing the photographs has altered the memory of the experience of the trip and, as it was somehow announced by the duplication of the painting by the photographs, we have now two experiences, even if one of them is determined by its own potentiality and contingency. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;However, history (history in this context and for us, is a series of factual events easy to document, the trip), experience and politics have always been linked in the text since Cortazar associated them since the beginning and bound them to himself and his fiction. It seems that history-politics-himself and fiction are part of an avoidable mechanism that define the story, the writing.(3) This sequence and its connections to the story take us back to the brief reflection sketched in the story about art and its relationship to life. Moreover, the binary art/life can be considered as a re-elaboration of the tension between reality and fiction. The dichotomy art/life helps the narrator in the story (Julio Cortazar) to express out loud, in a written form, his complete disbelief of them as opposite terms. As he states, art usually takes over life, since for him there is simply no distinction. (4) Thus, is there no distinction between art and life? Between the photographic experience and the personal experience/trip? Between fiction and reality?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Finally, there is one more question that I’d like to ask, at least for now:&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;when Claudine sees the pictures, the slideshow, she doesn’t see anything more than the paintings, the kids in Mass…etc. She does not see assassinations, death, horror, …&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;nothing. In fact, she just looks at the analogical representation of small scenes occurred during the trip. Thereby, who sees what? Who experiences (visually) what? When? Why? What determines the effects of that experience? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Notas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;(1) Nevertheless this relationship upon uniqueness can be modified since photographs can be endless reproduced as material forms –piece of paper- but also as a projection, a display, as it will happen later on the story.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;(2) Benjamin’s notion of actualization is particularly relevant to understand this differently. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;(3) Both Moreiras and Muñoz have noted the continuity between the reference to Blow-up and the connection to politics, although neither of them has tried to dig into why these two short stories implicitly relate to issues associated with political commitment and photography. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;"&gt;(4) I am sure this equality between art and life is not necessarily shared by everyone, most likely not the people/habitants of Solentiname: not because their lives are nor art, but because they do not necessarily apply that category to it. This difference forces then the question: what is it art? When is art recognized as such? This is a key question (the relationship art/life) to analyze in this story, since it is also related to the political commitment aforementioned. It is important then, following a tangent path to this, paying attention to the relationship the narrator has with the people he sees, that he interacts with in the story (aside Ernesto Cardenal and other writers). Which is Cortázar’s attitude? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-8858210858604794368?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/8858210858604794368/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4c-elena-peregrina-realidad-ficcion-y.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/8858210858604794368'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/8858210858604794368'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4c-elena-peregrina-realidad-ficcion-y.html' title='[4c] Elena Peregrina :: Realidad, ficción y meta-ficción en Apocalipsis de Solentiname'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-1095061366846980896</id><published>2010-03-05T13:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T14:02:53.808-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[4b] Sergi Rivero-Navarro :: El éxtasis psicotrópico en la obra de Néstor Perlongher</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;To be presented in: &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-4-experience-and-narration.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"&gt;Workshop 4 // Experience and Narration &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Antes de la aparición de los cánones, de las codificaciones, de las elites encargadas de descifrar la cultura y deglutirla para que no resultara “indigesta”, entre el arte y el individuo no existían mediadores. La experiencia artística era directa, personal e intransferible y constituía una de las vías de trance, de alumbramiento, de encantamiento, más poderosas. La obra de Néstor Perlongher tiene por objetivo rescatar esa dimensión sagrada y extática del arte. Se trata pues de una actitud liberadora que reivindica el sentimiento, el deseo y el éxtasis, marginados y sofocados por ciertas modalidades de expresión acordes con los intereses de quienes regentan el poder. Es por ello que no resulta extraña la fascinación que nuestro autor sentirá por el barroco, un movimiento que, para Perlongher, no trata de explicar la realidad sino subvertir su significado. En vez de representar, lo que busca es presentar. En palabras del propio escritor, el Barroco “no va a hablar de amor, va a hacer el amor en el poema mismo. Por ejemplo, el amor atraviesa ciertas sonoridades hechas de susurros, gemidos, voces, una expresión casi corporal” (Papeles Insumisos 342). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;El barroco, el neobarroco y, en especial, la poesía de nuestro autor, renuncian de forma premeditada a la acumulación de palabras, sentidos y significantes. Buscan, por el contrario, producir una escritura sensual, deseante, a través de la acumulación de sonidos capaces de conducirnos a sensaciones de índole extática. Lo deseante en la escritura del autor argentino constituye, frente al discurso de la racionalidad, una reivindicación de la locura, del éxtasis, de la palabra poética entendida como palabra sagrada. En consecuencia, será desde el plano de la superficie que la maquinaria del barroco se lanze a incentivar la locura sagrada y adorar a divinidades “&lt;i style=""&gt;in extremis&lt;/i&gt;”, rechazar las normas y la rigidez, despertar la fuerza dionisíaca y, a continuación, dar forma al éxtasis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;El éxtasis, que etimológicamente significa “salir de sí”, es una experiencia trascendental para el ser humano. El éxtasis, en palabras de Perlongher, “no es una experiencia frívola, sino algo que arrastra al sujeto hasta las más recónditas profundidades del ser y lo hace sentir en presencia de una fuerza superior y cósmica, cuya acción experimenta corporal y mentalmente, en un estado de trance que conlleva el pasaje a otro nivel de conciencia, segundo, superior o alterado” (Prosas Plebeyas 166).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;En el ensayo titulado “Sobre Alambres”, el escritor asegura que la poesía es un ramo del éxtasis y reconoce que empleó diversas técnicas “para producirlo o inducirlo” (140). Los diversos caminos recorridos en busca del éxtasis pueden verse reflejados en su propia obra, que comienza partiendo de lo erótico&lt;i style=""&gt; &lt;/i&gt;para concluir en el “trance” inducido por sustancias psicoactivas (como el brebaje de la ayahuasca que tomará en los ritos de la Iglesia del Santo Daime y cuyas visiones inspirarán &lt;u&gt;Aguas aéreas&lt;/u&gt;). Afirma Nicolás Rosa al respecto que “[…] la mudanza de la lírica mística acaba convirtiéndose en el trance hipnótico, tarea de la tribu, que va de la transa mercantil al trance misticoide. Y esto sin ninguna intención peyorativa, mejor peyoltativa” (Tratados 107).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;En su artículo “La fuerza en el carnavalismo”, Perlongher ya reconocía el éxtasis erótico en la fiesta colectiva del Carnaval, donde los cuerpos se unen, se entrelazan, se friegan, giran y contornean en un arrebato orgiástico, dejándose &lt;i style=""&gt;llevar&lt;/i&gt; por el irresistible poder de la percusión. Las conexiones del Carnaval con el mito clásico griego de Dionisos son incuestionables y la interpretación nietzscheana del mismo estructuran el discurso perlongheriano en relación al éxtasis. La realidad, la existencia, el universo, están constituido por dos tendencias: lo apolíneo y lo dionisíaco. Apolo representa la luz, la forma, la medida, lo delimitado, la unicidad, la individuación y se asocia con Cronos, el tiempo cronológico. Dionisos, por su parte, representa la fuerza vital, orgiástica, lo informe, lo descontrolado, lo excesivo, lo indeterminado y se asocia con Aion, el instante. Ambas fuerzas son necesarias para la vida y la preeminencia de una sobre la otra conlleva un desequilibro tanto en el ámbito del macrocosmos como en el microcosmos humano. La búsqueda del éxtasis se hace necesaria justamente por la tiranía que ha impuesto la razón y que ha conllevado la prohibición del deseo, de los sentimientos, de la intensidad. Es a través del trance que podemos restaurar el equilibrio. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Adrián Cangi nota en su introducción a &lt;u&gt;Papeles Insumisos&lt;/u&gt; que, en la obra perlongheriana, la fuerza pulsional dionisíaca adopta dos formas distintas: Dionisos es, por un lado, el “dios epidémico que atraviesa la ciudad bajo el recurso de la máscara y que se expresa en el carnaval pagano o en el juego de la desmesura voluptuosa” (17). Pero Dionisos es también la “fuente de las emanaciones de brebajes alucinantes que emergen de la floresta y aspiran a la inversión del orden urbano por el de una comunidad de la luz mística y en cuyo ascetismo debe buscarse el viaje extático alucinatorio” (17). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;La aparición en 1991 del poemario &lt;u&gt;Aguas aéreas&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt; &lt;/i&gt;marca un viraje en la obra de Perlongher. El escritor, así, se aleja del erotismo de los cuerpos del Carnaval para centrarse en el erotismo sagrado, catalizado por el brebaje enteógeno de la ayahuasca y los ritos del Santo Daime. En la entrevista “Privilegio las situaciones del deseo”, el propio autor reconocer que con &lt;u&gt;Hule&lt;/u&gt; se cierra una etapa de su escritura donde erotismo y lenguaje estaban fuertemente enlazados. “La hipersexualización de los medios y de todos los mensajes” (Papeles 352), la banalización de lo erótico, han despertado en la gente “una suerte de hastío con relación a la liberalidad sexual” (352), con lo que la posibilidad del trance a través del sexo ha quedado bloqueado en la sociedad occidental. Ante esta situación, el escritor argentino se lanza en busca de un trance alternativo para su escritura, indagación que culmina con el descubrimiento de una moderna religión ecléctica brasileña llamada Santo Daime (1). Tal vez el aspecto más interesante del ritual de esta confesión religiosa sea la ingestión del brebaje (o “ungüento encantado”) con propiedades psicotrópicas que tiene como base la liana amazónica de la ayahuasca (2).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;En una carta con fecha del 8 de noviembre de 1989 enviada a su amiga Sara, el escritor resume una de las ingestiones rituales de la ayahuasca en el marco del Santo Daime como una experiencia en la que predomina la mutación. “todo se volvió una gigantesca bola o rueda de mutaciones que se mudaban en otras transformaciones, todo devenía otra cosa, la referencia inclusive egoica se perdía” (438). La mutación en Perlongher evidencia una voluntad por entender al “yo” como un ser en tránsito que se adapta sobre la marcha y al lenguaje como un código que sortea la identidad. Lo dionisíaco, en este sentido, implica una ruptura con el principio de individuación a través de una fusión mística con todo lo que nos rodea (el cosmos, la naturaleza, los demás seres humanos). Cierto es que la experiencia disonisíaca requiere de un elemento apolíneo para compensar su fuerza, es necesario darle algún tipo de forma al éxtasis “para poder mantener la lucidez en medio del torbellino” (165). Esa forma acabará siendo el arte y en el caso de nuestro autor, especialmente, la poesía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Bibliografía&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Cangi, Adrian. “Papeles Insumisos. Imagen de un pensamiento” en Perlongher, Néstor.&lt;u&gt; &lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;Papeles Insumisos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;. Buenos Aires: Santiago Arcos editor, 2004.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;Perlongher, Néstor. &lt;u&gt;Águas aéreas&lt;/u&gt;. Buenos Aires: Ultimo Reino, 1991.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;-----. &lt;u&gt;Prosa Plebeya. Ensayos 1980-1992&lt;/u&gt;. Buenos Aires: Colihue, 1997.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;-----. &lt;u&gt;Papeles Insumisos&lt;/u&gt;. Buenos Aires: Santiago Arcos editor, 2004.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;Rosa, Nicolás. &lt;u&gt;Tratados sobre Néstor Perlongher&lt;/u&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Buenos Aires: Ars, 1997.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Notas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;(1) El Daime es una religión que mezcla elementos católicos, espiritistas, africanos, esotéricos, y de otras procedencias. Sus adeptos toman ayahuasca y, en estado de trance, bailan y cantan himnos revelados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;(2)Concepto utilizado para designar tanto a la planta conocida en botánica con el nombre &lt;i style=""&gt;Banisteropsis caapi, &lt;/i&gt;como al brebaje psicoactivo que tiene en dicha planta uno de sus ingredientes principales. Ayahuasca es un término de origen quechua compuesto por las partículas “Aya” y “Huasca”. “Aya” puede traducirse como “alma”, “espíritu”, pero también como “cuerpo muerto” o como “muerto” simplemente. Por su parte, “huasca” significa “bejuco”, “liana” o “soga”. Su traducción literal, pues, admitiría diversas posibilidades, entre las que mencionamos la de “liana del espíritu” y “bejuco que lleva al lugar de los muertos”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-1095061366846980896?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/1095061366846980896/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4b-sergi-rivero-navarro-el-extasis.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/1095061366846980896'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/1095061366846980896'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4b-sergi-rivero-navarro-el-extasis.html' title='[4b] Sergi Rivero-Navarro :: El éxtasis psicotrópico en la obra de Néstor Perlongher'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-1875615266224472913</id><published>2010-03-05T13:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T13:55:36.755-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[4a] Dolores Lima :: Autofiguraciones de autor en la narrativa actual: el frívolo caso de César Aira</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;To be presented in: &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-4-experience-and-narration.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"&gt;Workshop 4 // Experience and Narration &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;En todas las novelas de Aira se encuentran, entremezcladas con el relato, reflexiones en torno a la escritura, la&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;representación,&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;la verosimilitud, la trama y otros elementos propios de la narrativa. Y en muchas de sus novelas, el mismo escritor, César Aira, emerge en la autofiguración de un autor que escribe sobre lo que escribe a medida que se desarrolla el relato, acercando así el presente de la escritura al de la narración. Con este gesto metaficcional, -sello del estilo airiano- el narrador combina la teoría con la ficción. Sin embargo, la exposición de esta escritura a la vista -al modo macedoniano- está lejos de revelar la figura de autor como principio fundador de sentido, o como sujeto externo y propietario del relato, propio de la modalidad representativa tradicional. Al contrario, la emergencia de la autofiguración del autor en la escritura responde a la concepción de la narración como una experiencia de la que el mismo autor forma parte.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Ni copia ni representación; el relato es en sí mismo la experiencia vivida y no representada de un autor que deviene improvisadamente en la escritura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;En el caso de &lt;i style=""&gt;La costurera y el viento&lt;/i&gt; (1994) la combinación entre teoría y ficción &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;se ve claramente en el paralelismo creado entre la historia del escritor y la historia de la costurera. Al comenzar la novela el personaje escritor anuncia su intención de escribir una novela de aventuras, sobre la cuál sólo tiene decidido el título. Entre el sueño y la vigilia, se le ocurre una historia, pero al despertar, se la olvida y como resto sólo le queda un argumento vago e impreciso. Sin embargo, en lugar de intentar reconstruir el sueño, comienza&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;a escribir, “afectado” por su sueño, no tomando de él ningún contenido, tan sólo la forma&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;en torno a la cual se origina el devenir del pensamiento en la ficción. De esta manera, desde el olvido, y las reminiscencias del sueño, se origina la máquina de la escritura, que resulta frívola en dos sentidos: por lo insustancial&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;de su origen, como&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;por la puesta en escena de una historia estrafalaria y delirante que no busca significados, sino solo el devenir en la superficie del lenguaje. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Del mismo modo, pero a nivel de la narración, el relato que se sitúa en Pringles, lugar de nacimiento del Aira, comienza a partir de un misterio: Omar, el hijo de Delia, la costurera, ha desaparecido y su madre, creyendo que tal vez ha quedado olvidado en el acoplado del vecino donde suele jugar, sale desesperada a buscarlo en taxi a la Patagonia. Así, desde el olvido del escritor y la desaparición del hijo, ambos se precipitan&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;en un viaje para el cual no hay un itinerario planeado, sino la mera improvisación a partir de un punto de fuga. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;El olvido y el enigma son las formas a partir de las cuales el relato se origina y se sostiene en el tiempo. Signan la dirección de un desplazamiento, el que atraviesa una categoría espacial: la Patagonia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;La Patagonia es el lugar sin referentes, el desierto en donde no existen puntos de relación, ni jerarquías, ni principios ni finales, sólo el estadio medio, la meseta. Como&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; tabula rasa del olvido, e&lt;/span&gt;s el lugar donde&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; “podrían pasar todas las&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;aventuras” (141), &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;y por eso conforma el plano donde ocurren todos los devenires, la “danza de transposiciones” (160): el camionero con su acoplado la atraviesa en sus viajes de encargo; Delia&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;a pie después del choque del taxi; la carcaza de éste y el cadáver del conductor flotando por los aires; el vestido de novia perdido; el camioncito rojo de Ramón;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;el autito celeste de la Srta. Balero en busca de su vestido sin terminar. Al mismo tiempo, todos estos personajes que atraviesan la Patagonia están sujetos al elemento que la habita: los vientos patagónicos. Éstos funcionan como las líneas del puro movimiento, las formas cambiantes por excelencia que actúan sobre otras formas para transformarlas. Se desenvuelven así &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;escenas surrealistas, de transformaciones y transmutaciones, que constituyen la trama del relato, relato que escribe el autor en una especie de trance, ya que más adelante dirá respecto al momento de su escritura en París:&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; “nunca supe que hice esa tarde perdida...” (241). El olvido (de la historia, la biografía, la tradición) y el trance son los rasgos de una experiencia que sólo el relato, en su concreción y dinamismo, hace posible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;El paralelismo entre la historia de la escritura y el relato de la costurera no es una simple analogía, como dice Aira, sino una nueva disposición de lo mismo. Por que al fin y al cabo lo que se relata es el devenir de una forma, (la del olvido, la del enigma) que se precipita para tomar velocidades y dibujar líneas y encuentros en el plano de la Patagonia. Así como lo hacen los&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;personajes, del mismo modo, el sentido se desliza, frívolamente, en la superficie del lenguaje, sin aspiración de profundidad, puesto que no se trata del sentido entendido como significación sino como movimiento, tendencia, desplazamiento, forma. (1) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;La autoficción signa una perspectiva que hace posible este relato; una mirada frívola afectada por el sueño y precipitada en el trance de la trama. Como sujeto desmemoriado y lanzado en el acontecer de la escritura, el autor deviene “afectivamente”, ya que desprendido de la identidad, de la memoria, de todo contexto, se transforma en un punto de fuga afectado por la velocidad del relato, los vientos de la Patagonia. Pienso aquí en el concepto de devenir afectivo que Deleuze y Guattari&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;trabajan en &lt;i style=""&gt;Mil Mesetas&lt;/i&gt;: “A las relaciones que componen un individuo, que lo descomponen o lo modifican, corresponden intensidades que lo afectan, aumentan o disminuyen su potencia de acción, que proceden de las partes exteriores o de sus propias partes. Los afectos son devenires”&lt;a style="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (2). Del mismo modo, los personajes devienen, se transforman y transmutan cuando entran en composición con los elementos y agenciamientos de la Patagonia. El afecto es un modo de ser-existir el mundo y este devenir, que es el del relato, constituye la experiencia afectiva de lo real. Por eso Aira dice al final de la novela: “viajar es real” (187). Por supuesto hay una implicación política en esta construcción literaria de la realidad: la de pensar al sujeto y la realidad de otro modo, frívolamente, en su cualidad afectiva.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;Notas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;(1) La etimología de la palabra&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;sentido revela la idea de “tendencia a”, movimiento, un “proceso de desplazarse-hacia-alguna-cosa” (Jean- Luc Nancy,&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;El sentido del mundo&lt;b style=""&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Buenos Aires, La Marca, p. 29)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-AR"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;(2) Deleuze y Guattari, &lt;i style=""&gt;Mil Mesetas&lt;/i&gt;, Valencia, Pre-Textos, 1997, p. 261.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-1875615266224472913?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/1875615266224472913/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4a-dolores-lima-autofiguraciones-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/1875615266224472913'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/1875615266224472913'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/4a-dolores-lima-autofiguraciones-de.html' title='[4a] Dolores Lima :: Autofiguraciones de autor en la narrativa actual: el frívolo caso de César Aira'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-3688476852842646878</id><published>2010-03-05T13:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T09:22:08.179-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[3c] Krissie Butler :: The New Liberator: Fidel Castro and Masculine Independence</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(71, 75, 78); line-height: 17px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; "&gt;To be presented in: &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-3-gender-and-nation.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#3333FF;"&gt;Workshop 3 // Gender and Nation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-3-gender-and-nation.html"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-3-gender-and-nation.html"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-3-gender-and-nation.html"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1MJrE50UEfg/S7N1-6HR4lI/AAAAAAAAACU/iSc78G7-JS0/s1600/fidel2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 161px; height: 186px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1MJrE50UEfg/S7N1-6HR4lI/AAAAAAAAACU/iSc78G7-JS0/s400/fidel2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5454833297287930450" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1MJrE50UEfg/S7N17MVg7EI/AAAAAAAAACM/_sjAse3RHHo/s1600/fidel1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 248px; height: 168px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1MJrE50UEfg/S7N17MVg7EI/AAAAAAAAACM/_sjAse3RHHo/s400/fidel1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5454833233459997762" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1MJrE50UEfg/S7N17MVg7EI/AAAAAAAAACM/_sjAse3RHHo/s1600/fidel1.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#474B4E;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 14px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#474B4E;"&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;This paper interrogates the role of masculinity against the backdrop of the Revolution during the years 1952-1959.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;During this time, Cubans became more and more disillusioned with their government and rose up in arms against president Fulgencio Batista.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The year 1953 marked a watershed both for the momentum of the armed struggle and for one man: Fidel Castro.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The daring attack on the Moncada barracks worked to consolidate Fidel’s legitimacy as leader of the resistance movement.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As the resistance gained popular support, more and more peasants took up arms and fought alongside the rebels.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;From the Moncada attack to the guerrilla warfare in the Sierra Maestra, Fidel and his guerrillas emerged as a serious threat to the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Bastitato&lt;/i&gt;. While this war did indeed play out on the battlefield atop the Sierra Maestra, I would like to suggest that the struggle for power was also fought on the terrain of masculinity.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As Fidel Castro and Fulgencio Batista vied for power, their authority rested not only on their abilities as real men, but also on the image they projected.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Thus, this paper ultimately seeks to demonstrate how war turns on issues of the power of real men as well as on images of masculinity.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;It is my belief that political legitimacy during the 1950s turned, in part, on the interplay of masculine symbols.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;By viewing Fidel through the prism of masculinity, we can see how texts and images produced in the 1950s renegotiated ideals of nineteenth century independence within twentieth century dictatorship in order to construct a model of masculinity that I am terming “masculine independence”.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;This model draws on the legendary José Martí and, therefore, connects the individual to the patria while at the same time juxtaposes ideals of liberty, patriotism, and heroism against tyranny, disloyalty, cowardliness.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Thus while Fidel Castro gained legitimacy and momentum through physical feats on the battle field, the armed struggle was also forged in masculine imagery, which pitted the honorable and courageous Fidel against the dishonorable and cowardly Batista.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;And because Fidel’s personage became increasingly linked to that of the Apostle’s, Fidel began to symbolize independence in much the same way.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As a result, Fidel became the twentieth century embodiment of José Martí and, consequently, Cuba’s new liberator.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;Nowhere is the notion of masculine independence better demonstrated than in the attack on the Moncada barracks on July 26, 1953 in Santiago.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Having already tried to challenge the military coup within the legal system, Fidel turned to armed insurrection as the only possible means to counter the regime.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;With the help of Abel Santamaría, Fidel led a group of 165 revolutionaries whose mission was to obtain the weapons inside the barracks and then head to the surrounding mountains to begin an armed uprising.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Due to poor planning, however, the attack failed and the army captured, tortured, imprisoned, and killed the Moncadistas.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Fidel escaped but was later found and imprisoned.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;All of the prisoners were given a trial and Fidel, a lawyer by profession, delivered his own self-defense.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;That defense would later be known as “La historia me absolverá” and serve as the manifesto of the movement named in honor of the attack: the 26&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of July Movement.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In it, Fidel underscored the illegitimacy of Batista’s regime and questioned the legitimacy of the trial.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;How could the court find him guilty of rebellion against the constitutional powers of the state, he reasoned, when “those very powers had been usurped by the dictator, and had ceased to have any legitimate force?” (Santamaría 73).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The tribunal paid no heed to Fidel’s protests, however, and sentenced him to fifteen years in prison.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;From a military point of view, the attack proved unsuccessful; the attackers did not overtake the barracks and the movement’s leader was in prison.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Despite its military failure, however, Moncada proved to be victorious in other aspects:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;Moncada was not only a military battle; it was also a legal battle and, above all, a political battle.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As a military battle…Moncada signified a defeat for the attackers, but in the other two spheres it was a triumph. It has been rightly pointed out that the trial of the attackers was of enormous importance because it converted them into implacable and courageous prosecutors of the regime. (Santamaría 112)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;In other words, the trials that followed the ill-fated attack turned the military failure on its head by cultivating a cult of heroism.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Moreover, since it was the first time the movement came into full public view, the trials— specifically Fidel’s—captured the national imagination as more and more Cubans began to sympathize with its cause (Pérez-Stable 53).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Lastly, Moncada catapulted Fidel into contention for leadership of the armed struggle, and his fame was projected throughout the island.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;Fidel’s mass appeal during and after the uprising was due, in part, to his referencing of his mentor, José Martí, whom he proclaimed the intellectual author of Moncada:&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;Castro’s inspirational appeal defined the movement in terms of its place in Cuba’s history and unified the troops by invoking the spirit of Martí as a personification of the people’s conflict, a figure that his listeners knew well.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;By referring to the dates of past conflict, the Ten Years War and the War of Independence, Castro presented the ensuing attack as the last in a teleological chain of revolutionary struggle against oppression.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The Moncada conflict achieved its importance in relation to the past conflicts, which, in turn, were vindicated by the new struggle.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;His reference to the shared location of the conflicts (Oriente province) added to the sensation of unity and shared historical purpose. (Rice 43)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;Known as the Apostle of Independence, Martí represented the maximum symbol of heroism in Cuba in the 1950s.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Therefore, the references to Martí legitimized the attack and situated it within the context of heroic myth.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Moreover, images of the Moncada attack, like the ones shown at the beginning of this paper, inextricably linked Martí to Fidel Castro and worked to forge a new heroic myth surrounding the Moncada attack in which Fidel emerges as a heroic liberator.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;This myth is underpinned by a masculine independence that resounds with ideals of liberty, patriotism, and heroism, and is made manifest in numerous representations of the young warrior, such as his own &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;La historia me absolverá&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;By imagining Fidel as a new liberator and heir of Martí and, in contrast, by portraying Batista as a tyrant, such representations demonstrate the ways in which masculinity influences politics and, more specifically, how war is not always waged on the battlefield.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-3688476852842646878?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/3688476852842646878/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3c-krissie-butler-new-liberator-fidel.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/3688476852842646878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/3688476852842646878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3c-krissie-butler-new-liberator-fidel.html' title='[3c] Krissie Butler :: The New Liberator: Fidel Castro and Masculine Independence'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1MJrE50UEfg/S7N1-6HR4lI/AAAAAAAAACU/iSc78G7-JS0/s72-c/fidel2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-443286344291710172</id><published>2010-03-05T13:12:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T13:47:48.107-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[3b] Noemí Martín Santo :: Heroic Hetaera: The Idealization of East Asian Prostitution in Early XX Century Hispanic Travel Writing</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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&lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:"MS Mincho"; 	panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4; 	mso-font-alt:"ＭＳ 明朝"; 	mso-font-charset:128; 	mso-generic-font-family:modern; 	mso-font-pitch:fixed; 	mso-font-signature:-1610612033 1757936891 16 0 131231 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:"Cambria Math"; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Calibri; 	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; 	panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:"\@MS Mincho"; 	panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4; 	mso-font-charset:128; 	mso-generic-font-family:modern; 	mso-font-pitch:fixed; 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	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;To be presented in: &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-3-gender-and-nation.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"&gt;Workshop 3 // Gender and Nation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;This paper is focused on the presentation of East Asian prostitution in four literary works by Hispanic writers. The term heroic, refers to women idealized only as subjects of “love” or sexual attraction, but as national heroines, symbols of societies more advanced than the European ones. “Hetaera”, from Greek, is a word that the writers use to describe them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;The idea came to me while reading travel books on Eastern countries by 20 century writers who went there as travelers or for living purposes. They are Enrique Gómez Carrillo, Aurora Bertrana, Federico García Sanchiz and Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. They come from different backgrounds and literary genres, but when they write about Asia, they share Orientalist aesthetics that is reflected in the works. They are also related because of their European, cosmopolitan style.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;Besides, they present prostitutes as entertainers, music players, dancers, etc. more than focus only in sexual relations. So in this book we find that the “body of pleasure” that travel literature fabricates, is educated, proud and more focused in the pleasures of the soul than the pleasures of the body. They highlight the moral values as proud motherhood, chastity of spirit, or self sacrifice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The writers have also in common the depiction of the social status of the prostitute as a way of speaking about their nations. In “El Japón Heroico y Galante”, Enrique Gomez Carrillo quotes a Japanese scholar who states that the culture, luxury and elegance of these women flatter the Japanese national pride. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" lang="ES-CL" &gt;This intellectual asserts that “aquí las cortesanas son almas honestas, aunque a los europeos les choque que lo digamos y les parezca inocente que lo pensemos”(53). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;The scholar mentioned goes beyond the typical Orientalist gaze trying to describe the Japanese customs as a normal and positive tradition. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, in “La vuelta al mundo de un novelista”, agrees with Gomez Carrillo, particularly when he affirms that in Japan, becoming a high-rank prostitute doesn´t mean a loss of honor for the woman or the family. He describes one night at the district when respectable families go for a walk in the streets and greet cheerfully their prostitute friends who are waiting for customers. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;On the other hand, Federico Garcia Sanchiz, describes in “La Ciudad Milagrosa: Shanghai” the tragic end of the Shanghai courtesan “Perfumed Cloud”, when she kills herself after her two lovers killed themselves. He compares this suicide for the sake of honor with the situation that could have happened if the woman had been in Paris or New York, or if she were white; she would have probably got the vedette in a music-hall. But this Chinese woman, who did not love her protectors, felt herself forced to die: “una vez más se han respetado las tradiciones nacionales, que exigen el sacrificio absoluto” (117). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:10pt;" &gt;Lastly, in the French Polynesia, Aurora Bertrana, wrote this about the most famous courtesan Turei on the Island of Tahiti. She was: “una dona sana i simple, sense complicacions malaltisses ni literàries”(65). This woman had four children, and of course nobody knew who the father was, but, that, in Oceania, is not an issue, because all men are siblings, and what belongs to one, belongs to everyone. Turei was respected by the Maori society, and this respect, in Bertrana’s opinion, makes the Maori a kind of utopian society from the Western perspective.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10pt;"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-family: trebuchet ms;"&gt;My hypothesis is that the writers implicitly or explicitly are using the topic of exotic prostitution as a way of praising communities that were free of European influence. East Asian cultures became a way of escaping the reality and the crisis of values that Europe was undergoing at the beginning of the Twentieth Century. Those societies, even the ones considered primitive, became for the authors an example of the civilization, the respect, and the moral values that some of them felt were missing in the Western world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-443286344291710172?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/443286344291710172/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3b-noemi-martin-santo-heroic-hetaera.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/443286344291710172'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/443286344291710172'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3b-noemi-martin-santo-heroic-hetaera.html' title='[3b] Noemí Martín Santo :: Heroic Hetaera: The Idealization of East Asian Prostitution in Early XX Century Hispanic Travel Writing'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-4457443223863303817</id><published>2010-03-05T13:10:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T13:38:43.534-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[3a] Cécile Stehrenberger :: Folklore, Nation &amp; 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	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;April 27th, 1954, 4pm, Santa Isabel, Equatorial Guinea: A ship called &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Domine &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;arrives in the port of the capital of Spain’s only Subsaharan colony. On board: 15 dancers and 5 musicians of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Coros y Danzas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Sección Femenina de la Falange &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;from Murcia and Cádiz. During three weeks the members of the Folklore groups of the female section of the fascist party perform, in front of the colonial population, their &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Fandanguillos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;, visit hospitals and dine at the government palace. In villages “más alejados de la civilización que te puedas imaginar”(1), they become themselves the audience of a Folklore-show, as “muchachas indígenas” perform “Balele”-dances for them. In 1957, another Folklore-group from Cádiz tours in Equatorial Guinea, following a program similar to the one in 1954 – including the watching of “Balele”-shows.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;In 1938, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Sección Femenina &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;set up a culture department that dedicated itself to the “conservation” of “the authentic Spanish Folklore”. In all provinces &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Coros y Danzas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;groups were formed, which in “labor de campo” “rescued” “nearly forgotten” dances and “revitalized” them by performing in front of gradually growing audiences. Since 1942, several &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Coros y Danzas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;groups were performing outside of Spain as well. Various tours carried them to most European countries, to Latin America, to the USA, and to Morocco. Until the 1960’s, no male dancers were included in the groups travelling abroad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Within and beyond the peninsula, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Coros y Danzas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;groups served a political mission in line with the Francoist nation building. In Western Europe and in the United States, the groups tried to represent their country as a friendly state. At the same time, the dancers were expected to contribute to the governing of the population: First, their performances were politics of emotion that attempted to evoke in their audience a ‘sense of belonging to Spain.’ Second, the dancers were role models – as a group for the productive unified nation their Spanish audience was meant to build, and as individuals for the ideal submissive subject. Third, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Coros y Danzas’ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;“labor de campo” and their attending Balele-shows in Equatorial Guinea were efforts to ‘get to know’ “el pueblo” and “los pueblos”. A power/knowledge-complex was set into motion that was believed to facilitate the governing of the population.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;The dancers were staged as female bodies with characteristics that made them suitable for the Francoist nation building. Their unambiguous femininity, “alegría” and purity rendered them ideal role-models, their sexyness sustained their representation of a seductive state. However, the dancers showed also features that jeopardized their political mission by endangering their representation of a friendly state and their functioning as role models. The documents report aggressive and disobedient dancers, and in Andalusian dances like the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Farruca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;, female dancers ‘crossdanced’ as male dancers. Many of those dances were and are associated with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;gitanos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;, who were constructed as a ‘non-white’ “race”. Part of their dances’ ‘blackness’ was transferred to the dancers. A newspaper-article on a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Coros y Danzas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;show held in Equatorial Guinea gives an account of the sense of racial identity the dancers caused in its author: „Me sentí flamenco... más bien gitano, de color aceituna. Y sin darme cuenta jaleaba por lo “bajini“ el cimbreo de las bailarinas y el “jipío“ de la cantaora.“(2) Feeling not quite white, was not what “white men“ should do in a colonial system established on the idea of racial difference. What caused these ‚dangerous’ manifestations of the dancers’ bodies?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;The dancers were not only modeled through intentionally applied technologies of power. They were also (de)-formed by the encounters they made on their journies. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;The “jefe de viaje” reports on the 1954 trip to Equatorial Guinea: „Actuamos el primer día en Bata para indígenas y españoles &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;. Los negros quedaban delante, junto a ellas. Con un calor espantoso y una masa de gente tan enorme que daba verdadera angustia bailar.”(3) The “angustia” the dancers felt caused their limbs to move less perfectly than they should have. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Other ‘irregularities’ appeared in the picture of the dancers: The climate made them take off their stockings, and the specific power relations of the colonial setting allowed them to get rid of even more restrictions: They participated in ‘after-show parties’, wore pants and had temporary “novios”. Furthermore, the fatal manifestations of the dancers were caused by a ‘slipping’ of the technologies, with which their bodies were built: An excessive public visibility created national stars who became overconfident. Dance’s inherent &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;différance (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;4) and its capability of transporting people into a state of liminality (5) made up spaces for chaos and a “phallic pointe.“(6) Such spaces were also opened by the contradictive demands directed towards the dancers of simultaneously serving imperialist interests while representing a harmless state. The ambivalence of the dancers’ mission and the particularities of the tools applied in achieving it, made the appearance of unplanned manifestations unavoidable. Their exact form, however depended on casual factors, like the ones implied in the different encounters the dancers made.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;My work is equally shaped by the questions I had when I first started my project and the&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;encounters I make; encounters with the sources – texts, pictures and the former dancers I talked to –, and encounters with other academics. The outcomes of those encounters are influenced by my epistemological standpoint, and they often interfere with my original plans by inducing me to ask new questions. I try to make this process, its messiness, visible. This leads to a certain messiness in my writing, which catches on alien rhythms, slips and has to be tamed in order to make the rhizome (7) that my work is fit into the well cut tree an academic text is supposed to be.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Notas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;1 AGA(03)051.023 LEG 60 TOP 23/27.704-28.302 GR7 No. 1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;2 Centauro, “Embajada andaluza.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Ebano. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;22.07.1957.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;3 AGA(03)051.023 LEG 60 TOP 23/27.704-28.302 GR7 No. 1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;4 Müller, Birgit (2002): Dekonstruktion, Körper, Bewegung. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Tanz Theorie Text. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Ed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="DE"&gt;Gabriele Klein. Münster: Lit. 351-365. 352.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="DE"&gt;5 Fischer-Lichte, Erika (2007). On the Threshold. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Aesthetic in Performance. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Knowledge in Motion. Perspectives of Artistic and Scientific&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Research in Dance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;. Eds. Sabine Gehm, Pirkko Husemann, Katharina von Wilcke. Bielefeld: Transcript. 165-172. 231.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;6 Foster Leigh, Susan (1995). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Corporealities: Dancing Knowledge, Culture and Power. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;London and New York: Routledge. 1f.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;7 Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari (2004). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A Thousand Plateaus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York: Continuum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-4457443223863303817?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/4457443223863303817/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3a-cecile-stehrenberger-folklore-nation.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/4457443223863303817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/4457443223863303817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/3a-cecile-stehrenberger-folklore-nation.html' title='[3a] Cécile Stehrenberger :: Folklore, Nation &amp; Gender in a Colonial Encounter: Los Coros y Danzas de la Sección Femenina de la Falange in Equatorial'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-5077981596017423818</id><published>2010-03-05T12:31:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T12:56:09.361-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[2c] Isabel Gómez :: Teaching the Border to a Nation Undermined: El Masacre se pasa a pie and Domesticizing Violence in Literature</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"&gt;&lt;meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"&gt;&lt;meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"&gt;&lt;meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"&gt;&lt;link rel="File-List" href="file:///D:%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"&gt;&lt;link rel="themeData" href="file:///D:%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"&gt;&lt;link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///D:%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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	mso-footnote-continuation-separator:url("file:///D:/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_header.htm") fcs; 	mso-endnote-separator:url("file:///D:/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_header.htm") es; 	mso-endnote-continuation-separator:url("file:///D:/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_header.htm") ecs;} @page Section1 	{size:8.5in 11.0in; 	margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; 	mso-header-margin:.5in; 	mso-footer-margin:.5in; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;To be presented in: &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-2-reading-violence.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"&gt;Workshop 2 // Reading Violence &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Freddy Prestol Castillo’s testimonial novel displaces violence – ‘unearthing’ events of 1937 in 1973, bringing the massacre of Haitians from the border to the center, and domesticizing graphic images by assimilating them for pedagogic purposes.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Widely assigned in Dominican schools, we may ask what function this text serves in forming cultural identity.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;My anaysis explores ‘scenes of teaching’ to connect the text’s didacic message to the graphic violence of the author’s eyewitness account of “el Corte” and to emphasize how these elements supported the rhetoric of Balaguer’s administration. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Joaquin Balaguer rebranded educational projects that Trujillo started, as expressed throughout his political career in speeches collected for a 1973 republication, fruitful intertexts for Prestol Castillo’s bestseller of the same year.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The bourgeois narrator of &lt;i style=""&gt;El Masacre&lt;/i&gt; doesn’t take up this project of Dominicanizing the border with the same fervor as his lover, Angela.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Instead, his open questioning makes the text a more able participant in Balaguer’s rhetoric.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Reading &lt;i style=""&gt;El Masacre&lt;/i&gt; in school let public repentence coexist with a continuation of policies that perpetuated anti-Haitianism; it projected an image of a questioning voice interrogating Balaguer while actually speaking with his voice.&lt;a style="" href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[i]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;“[Los] señores que se benefician de la tierra y de los nuevos esclavos, ponen el grito en el cielo, mientras discurre este torbellino sangriento. […] ¿Protestaban &lt;i style=""&gt;contra el crimen&lt;/i&gt;, o protestaban contra una violenta transformación del régimen de vida?”(99) the narrator asks.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;He wonders if the border lifestyle required the violence of the massacre to change from that violent, exploitative system – a system that paradoxically remained unchanged. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Prestol Castillo’s prologue frames act of writing this testimony of the massacre as rebellious, dangerous.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;It also establishes the nonstandard spelling he’ll use intermittently throughout the work.&lt;a style="" href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[ii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; What reconciliation Prestol Castillo can find for himself, and for Dominican citizens assigned to read his book, is connected to the use value of this testimonial&lt;i style=""&gt; &lt;/i&gt;novel as a witness to genocide.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The performance of authenticity in his rough use of language serves as a kind of shibboleth for his presence; the descriptions of Haitian deaths by machete serve the same purpose. Prestol Castillo witnessed the 1937 massacre as a minor functionary of the Trujillo regime, and he published a set of essays promoting the Dominicanization of the border in 1943.&lt;a style="" href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[iii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The 1973 novel reworks this material to overtly refute the anti-Haitian conclusion that was no longer acceptable to the author while insidiously reinforcing this discourse, which continued to be valuable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;This opening frame is not just an apology for his inaction during the genocide, it also recalls Cervantes’ narrative devices – the found manuscript and the theatrical distancing of author from his work within the prologue.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Cervantes refers to himself as the “padrastro” of &lt;i style=""&gt;Don Quijote&lt;/i&gt;, and Prestol Castillo exaggerates the metaphor to a macabre, melodramatic degree the end of his prologue: “Yo tambien lo había olvidado, como algunos padres olvidan a sus hijos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;[…] había aparecido el hijo deforme, el monstruo… Pero el hijo!&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Tomé en mis manos el cadáver.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Con solicitud de padre, he intentado darle nueva vida.”(14)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Prestol Castillo’s connection of his work with the classics of Spanish literature brings out one of its central contradictions; the work portrays the Dominican Republic as heir to Spain’s high culture, and yet this “school text” itself contains poor spelling and usage of the Spanish language.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Good Spanish pronunciation was used as a shibboleth during the massacre just as poor written Spanish is a badge of authenticity for Prestol Castillo.&lt;a style="" href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[iv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The distinction between Dominican and Haitian may be a “fictive ethnicity,”&lt;a style="" href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[v]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; but language is still fetishized to re-encode difference.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Balaguer himself, in his most anti-Haitian text, acknowledges the shared ethnic and historical heritage between the two nations;&lt;a style="" href="#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[vi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;by acknowledging the contradiction he only makes his rhetoric more flexible and responsive to the border, more appropriate to the less totalitarian nation of the 1970s.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;El Masacre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;values well-spoken Spanish, but it doesn’t hold education sacred.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In fact, the ‘scenes of teaching’ self-consciously question the project of Dominicanization that Balaguer promises to continue.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Beginning the novel in the capital, there is a vacuity to the lettered class exposed from the first chapter.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;“El maestro había pronunciado una palabra rara: ‘&lt;b style=""&gt;Dajabón&lt;/b&gt;’… Se refería a una aldea lejana de mi país.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;[…] El maestro hablaba rutinariamente.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;No conocía a su país.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Era de una familia ilustre de la capital y hamás había salido a ‘esos pueblos’” (Prestol Castillo, 15).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;This school is a world away from the border where Angela Vargas teaches, which retains something authentic while also in greater need: “Los dicípulos eran negros; descalzos, semi desnudos, hambrientos […] Allí hay pobreza; pero tiene libertad.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Hasta allí no va el tragón Sub-secretario, que no conoce la frontera.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;[…]tiene esperanzas de llevar alguna luz a aquellas almas de serranos que ahora están aprendiendo a hablar el español con claridad, a quienes ella quiere hacer entender qué es la República Dominicana”(65)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;This is Trujillo and then Balaguer’s state project, the continuation of the historical process begun by the Spaniards on the Tainos – and the novel presents its border residents firsts as students and then as victims.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Soon after presenting the angelic maestra and her barefoot charges, these same bodies are butchered to her horror.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;“Vió caer, tajado como un arbusto, el cuerpo del manso negro Samuel, el cargador de agua, cuyos hijos enseñaba.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;(67)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The narrator makes the connection between past and present violence explicit on the first page of the next chapter, when he reflects on the unfinished project of colonization on the border.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;“Los dominicanos apenas mantuvieron posesión en las tierras.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;A ellas apenas llegaba la revolución.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Después de los conquistadores y las cruces monásticas de la Colonia, una soledad mantuvo alejadas estas regiones del aliento nacional.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;(70) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Locating the frontier of Dominican identity at the literal border of the nation is a precarious gesture this novel explores by activating the anti-Haitian trope it pretends to destroy and working against the implied “never again” message behind any genocide narrative.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;If this neighbor-Other, the Haitian, has always been across the border, almost a part of the Dominican Republic, there will always be the implied threat of renewed conflict.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;“Campos desolados, donde ahora acontece nueva muerte de hatitianos, como en las guerras de nuestra liberación.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Sobre aquellas sabanas nos liberamos de las cadenas con que sojusgó Haití a la República Dominicana por 22 años.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;En ese período Haití degolló, fusiló, hostigó sin piedad, al pueblo dominicano.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;¿I estos puñales de hoy?…” (Prestol Castillo, 72)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In this lament, the narrator deployes the teleology of the history of the border, to imply that these are not necessarily the last killings the Rio Masacre will see.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The name of the river and the novel, one that writes colonial era conflict onto the border geography, implies that violent history will repeat itself.&lt;a style="" href="#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[vii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Balaguer opens his 1973 compilation &lt;i style=""&gt;Temas historicos y literarios&lt;/i&gt; with the 1951 discurso “Isabel la Católica.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Drawing a parallel between the Reconquista and the “dominicanization” of the border,&lt;a style="" href="#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[viii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;he also roots this historical discourse within the Spanish literary tradition.&lt;a style="" href="#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[ix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;For Balaguer, Haiti represents this same border, the legacy left from Imperial Spain to the Dominican Republic.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Prestol Castillo’s novel ambiguously presents the project of educating this border through the Angela Vargas episode that revisits the earlier ‘scene of teaching.’&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Yet, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;its immediate canonization as a school textbook implies a continued need to teach certain discourses of Dominican cultural identity.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The book not only values continuing the grand project on the border, but it also connects Dominican identity to the possibility of resurging violence against Haitians, a nationalistic discourse disguised as a denunciation of the horrors of genocide.&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;h3 style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Bibliography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Balaguer, Joaquin.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Discursos: Temas históricos y literarios. Tomo I.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Santo Domingo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;[s.n.], 1973.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;---. &lt;i style=""&gt;Discursos: La marcha hacia el capitolio. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;Tomo II.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;Santo Domingo: [s.n.], 1973.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="PT"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;---.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;La isla al revés: Haití y el destino dominicano&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Santo Domingo: Fundación José&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Antonio Caro, 1983.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Capdevila, Lauro.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“Una novela-testimonio dominicana sobre la dictadura de Trujillo: &lt;i style=""&gt;El&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Masacre se pasa a pie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt; de Freddy Prestol Castillo.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="FR"&gt;@mnis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="FR"&gt; (Sept. 2003): 1-8. 9 Dec 2009.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.univ-brest.fr/amnis/pages_anglais/archive_article_annee.php?annee=2003"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="FR"&gt;http://www.univ-brest.fr/amnis/pages_anglais/archive_article_annee.php?annee=2003&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="FR"&gt;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="FR"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;De Maeseneer, Rita.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Encuentro con la narrativa dominicana contemporánea&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Madrid/Frankfurt: Iberoamericana/Vervuert, 2006.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Derby, Lauren.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;“Haitians, Magic, and Money: &lt;i style=""&gt;Raza&lt;/i&gt; and Society in the Haitian-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Dominican Borderlands, 1930 to 1937.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Comparative Studies in Society and History&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;36,&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;No. 3 (July, 1994): 488-526.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Derby, Lauren and Richard Turits.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“Chapter 26: Temwayaj Kout Kouto, 1937:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Eyewitnesses to the Genocide.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Eds. Cécile Accilien, Jessica Adams and Elmide Méléance. Coconut Creek, FL: Caribbean Studies Press, 2006.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Gil, Lydia M.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“&lt;i style=""&gt;El Masacre se pasa a pie&lt;/i&gt; de Freddy Prestol Castillo ¿Denuncia o defensa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;de la actitud dominicana ante ‘El Corte’?.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Afro-Hispanic Review&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;16, No. 1 (Spring 1997): 38-44.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Infante, Fernando A.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;12 años de Balaguer: cronología histórica, 1966-1978&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Santo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Domingo: Editorial Letra Gráfica, 2003.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Larsen, Neil.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“Chapter Four: Narrating the &lt;i style=""&gt;trujillato&lt;/i&gt;.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Reading North by South: On&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Latin American Literature, Culture and Politics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Minneapolis/London: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Lifshey, Adam.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“Indeterminacy and the Subversive in Representations of the Trujillato.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Hispanic Review&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;76. 4 (2008): 435-457. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Maeseneer, Rita de.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Encuentro con la narrativa dominicana contemporánea&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Madrid/Frankfurt: Iberoamericana/Vervuert, 2006.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Prestol Castillo, Freddy.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;El masacre se pasa a pie (Novela)&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Santo Domingo, R.D.:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Taller, 1982.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Rodríguez, Néstor E.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Escrituras de desencuentro en la República Dominicana&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Santo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Domingo: Editora Nacional, 2007.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;---.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;La isla y su envés: representaciones de lo nacional en el ensayo dominicano&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;contemporáneo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;San Juan, P.R.: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 2003.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Sommer, Doris.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“Chapter Five: &lt;i style=""&gt;El Masacre se pasa a pie&lt;/i&gt;: A Rhetoric in Search of&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Referents.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;One Master for Another: Populism as Patriarchal Rhetoric in Dominican Novels&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Lanham: UP of America, 1983.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Strongman, Roberto.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“Reading through the Bloody Borderlands of Hispaniola:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Fictionalizing the 1937 Massacre of Haitian Sugarcane Workers in the Dominican Republic.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;The Journal of Haitian Studies&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;12.2 (2006): 22-46.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Vega, Bernardo.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Trujillo y Haití, Volume 1: 1930-1937&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Santo Domingo: Fundación&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Cultural Dominicana, 1988.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Valerio-Holguín, Fernando.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“Primitive Borders: Cultural Identity and Ethnic Cleansing&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;in the Dominican Republic.” Trans. Scott Cooper. &lt;i style=""&gt;Primitivism and Identity in Latin America: Essays on Art, Literature, and Culture&lt;/i&gt;. Eds. Erik Camayd-Freixas and José Eduardo González.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2000.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;---.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“La fiesta trágica de la identidad cultural dominicana: &lt;i style=""&gt;El Masacre se pasa a pie&lt;/i&gt; de&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Freddy Prestol Castillo.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Confluencia&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;18.1. (2002): 44-51.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportEndnotes]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Notas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;hr width="33%" align="left" size="1"&gt;  &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn1"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[i]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Capdevila compares the facism of Trujillo’s regime to that of Hitler and Mussolini, saying that since “Trujillo tiene al lado un amo poderoso al que de ningún modo puede desafiar y es muy consciente de su situación de dependencia casi absoluta.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Así es como su propaganda debe tener en cuenta unas normas que son dictadas por consideraciones exteriores.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Mientras que Hitler miente sobre sus planos conta los judíos pero hace alarde de su racismo; Trujillo se proclama demócrata y fiel seguidor de la política del «Buen Vecino»” (Capdevila, 3)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;If this neighborly influence effected Trujillo’s rhetoric, it had even more of an influence on Balaguer’s regime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn2"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[ii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; This is an early example of the repeated informal spelling, in the voice of the narrator and of Dominican and Haitian characters.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;This text seems unusual for the classroom given its indifferent Spanish, especially given the value of correct &lt;i style=""&gt;castellano&lt;/i&gt; in the Dominican Republic. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;“Entonces me dije: - Lo que he perdido en hojas lo he ganado en raíz!&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Lo dije en alta voz, como si fuera una protesta o una explicación de mi vida.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;I sentí consolación.” (Prestol Castillo, 7)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn3"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[iii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Rita de Maeseneer summarizes Prestol Castillo’s argument in his 1943 &lt;i style=""&gt;Paisajes y meditaciones de una frontera&lt;/i&gt;, demonstrating his participation in the “ciudad trujillista” when he deploys primitivist logic to draw distinctions between Dominicans and Haitians:&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;“la tesis que defiende Prestol Castillo es que los negros haitianos siguen siendo negros.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;A causa del trato bestial por parte de los franceses se refugiaron en el vodú y, por eso también se rebelaron a diferencia de los negros de la parte oriental de la isla, ‘[…] el negro de Haití es el africano más auténtico en las Antillas, vale decir, es el tipo negro menos evolucionado.’(Prestol Castillo 1943, 50)” (de Maeseneer, 71)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn4"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[iv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt; “Que temblor y pavura vi en más de un labio grueso, afro-español, y en más de una articulación de sonidos ambiguos, pugnando por hablar claro el español, para demostrar que era dominicano quien hablaba!” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;(Prestol Castillo, 23)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn5"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[v]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;To borrow Etienne Balibar’s term. Used in Nestor Rodriguez.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn6"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[vi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt; “Sería infantil negar que una parte de la población de nuestro país es negra y que por sus venas circula, como circula por las de la mayoría de Haití, la misma sangre africana.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;(Balaguer, &lt;i style=""&gt;Isla&lt;/i&gt;, 189)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;He goes on to offer a number of reasons for the African blood in the Dominican population to be more attenuated by the Spanish heritage of the Eastern side of the island, less present in the contemporary population.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Then he undercuts this argument, with the same gesture pointed out by Néstor Rodríguez, “Puede aún señalarse que la población negra en la República Dominicana es mayor en la parte sur y en las zonas fronterizas que en el centro de la isla.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;La razón es obvia.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;En estas comarcas han sido mayores que en las otras de nuestro país, como en las del Cibao y la Cordillera Central, la influencia haitiana y el contacto con los moradores del país vecino.” (Balaguer, &lt;i style=""&gt;Isla&lt;/i&gt;, 190)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn7"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[vii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt; “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;Desde el siglo XVIII el Río Dajabón, mejor conocido como Masacre, marca la frontera entre la República Dominicana y Haití por su parte norte.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;El apelativo de Masacre le viene de una violenta escaramuza entre colonos franceses y criollos de la parte española de la isla a finales del siglo XVII.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;La matanza ordenada por Trujillo viene pues a recargar la historia de violencia” (Rodríguez: 2007, 99)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn8"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[viii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;[E]l rescate de gran parte de nuestro territorio, ideal sintetizado en la magna cruzada patriótica que se llama la nacionalización fronteriza.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;La lucha gigantesca que tuvo una duración de casi ocho centurias, y que culminó triunfalmente en Granada, gracias al genio de Isabel de Castilla, reafirmó la fisonomía de la Madre Patria como pueblo de ascendencia latina, […]devolviéndole a la nación el perfil espiritual que tuvo en sus orígenes, cuando Santo Domingo ejercía con orgullo su misión de rectora del continente como primogénita de las colonias de España.” (Balaguer, &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Temas&lt;/i&gt;, 20).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="edn9"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoEndnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;[ix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt; “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-TRAD"&gt;En la figura de Isabel de Castilla se reflejan rasgos de todos los héroes españoles.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Como el Cid, combate sin cesar contra el moro, y más feliz que aquel personaje de romance, le cabe la gloria de coronar la empresa de la Reconquista ante las murallas de Granada; como Santa Teresa, funda escuelas y talleres, y concilia, en su personalidad prodigiosa, el misticismo de una sierva de Dios con la energía de una heroína de voluntad prodigiosamente emprendedora; como el Padre Las Casas, siente la exaltación de la filantropía y se convierte, como protectora de la raza indígena, en escudo de la inocencia; como Colón, cree en la utopía y participa de las adivinaciones del genio; y más completa en sus atributos extraordinarios que todos esos personajes reunidos, se sienta en el primer trono del mundo, para dar desde allí a su obra proyecciones universales.”&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;(Balaguer, &lt;i style=""&gt;Temas&lt;/i&gt;, 14)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-5077981596017423818?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/5077981596017423818/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2c-isabel-gomez-teaching-border-to.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/5077981596017423818'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/5077981596017423818'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2c-isabel-gomez-teaching-border-to.html' title='[2c] Isabel Gómez :: Teaching the Border to a Nation Undermined: El Masacre se pasa a pie and Domesticizing Violence in Literature'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-4198265714649114221</id><published>2010-03-05T12:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T09:08:27.658-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[2a] Claudia Arteaga :: La articulación de la violencia y las paradojas de la femineidad en dos Desengaños Amorosos de María de Zayas</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#474B4E;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"&gt;To be presented in:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#474B4E; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-PE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#474B4E"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-2-reading-violence.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#3333FF;"&gt;Workshop 2 // Reading Violence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-2-reading-violence.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#3333FF;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color:#7030A0;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-2-reading-violence.html"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-PE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#474B4E"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color:#7030A0;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-2-reading-violence.html"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(71, 75, 78); font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color:#7030A0;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; "&gt;Según Lisa Vallendorf, la violencia es el tema que articula la obra de Zayas. El proyecto de Zayas, según la critica, consistiría en dotarle de voz a la experiencia de subalternidad femenina con el propósito de deconstruir las metáforas patriarcales que naturalizan la violencia contra ella. Para Vallendorf, los &lt;u&gt;Desengaños Amorosos &lt;/u&gt;de Zayas buscan desnaturalizar tal violencia llevándola, desde el plano simbólico de las relaciones sociales que cargan a la mujer de negatividad y carencia, al plano material, por el que se individualiza el sufrimiento femenino con el fin de provocar la empatia &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;de los lectores. Sin embargo, mi análisis de los &lt;u&gt;Desengaños amorosos&lt;/u&gt; plantea, más bien, que la violencia no deconstruye ningún entendimiento patriarcal de la subjetividad femenina. La narrativa de Zayas, al contrario de lo que dice Vollendorf, no otorga una voz a la mujer. Esta queda plantea, eso si, como una posible subjetividad que al dar un paso más allá de los esquemas sociales que la limitan –y a los que corresponden también las narrativas- es ahogada con la muerte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-PE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#474B4E"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color:#7030A0;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(71, 75, 78); font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color:#7030A0;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; "&gt;En Zayas, la constante regulación de la norma social requiere de una naturalización de la violencia. Así, la violencia es parte constituyente de una dinámica social, la cual genera sus propias paradojas. En tal sentido, es sintomático que la economía de la venganza, vista como una estrategia publica para reparar la ofensa, termine poniendo en entredicho la validez del accionar masculino, debido a un exceso –como lo es la violencia- de la que el hombre y la pasividad femenina terminan siendo individualmente responsables. Más allá de eso, lo que queda es la imposibilidad de pensar una subjetividad femenina mas allá de la instrumentalidad social signada por el patriarcalismo. Así, mis inquietudes en el presente análisis giran en torno a c’omo se construye el sufrimiento femenino en Zayas. C’omo este se vuelve o no un canal de expresión para una subjetividad en una sociedad caracterizada por la exposición publica de las virtudes y los vicios? Otra pregunta, mas bien básica, &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;es si es posible hablar de subjetividad, en los términos planteados por el concepto de espacio privado en un contexto moderno, al menos para el caso de lo femenino, que fue aprovechado por escritoras del s. XIX. Hablar de espacio privado conduce a pensar en el cuerpo. Pero en Zayas, no existe el cuerpo como espacio para ser pensado. Se narra un sufrimiento femenino, que padece un tipo de violencia, digamos, estructural, que, sin embargo, demanda una lectura que no involucra al cuerpo necesariamente. Como puede leerse el sufrimiento en este marco? Si es que se hace alusión al cuerpo en los textos de Zayas es para señalar su condición de materialidad a ser poseída, a manera de un texto que es leído desde la paranoia por el patriarcalismo, firmado y contrafirmado en la medida en que el honor de los hombres es tan precario como las barreras que les impide vulnerar la pureza femenina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; "&gt;Durante la presentación me referiré básicamente a dos de los &lt;u&gt;Desengaños Amorosos&lt;/u&gt;: el segundo y el octavo. En ambos, las protagonistas respectivas, dona Octavia y dona Mencia, poseen cualidades positivas en exceso (&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;leit motif &lt;/i&gt;de los textos de Zayas en este libro), aunque acompañadas de una inevitable mudabilidad, cuando deciden entregarse al amado después de haber mostrado resistencia en un inicio. La virtud es el reflejo del alma, según la teoría neoplatónica, y siempre es pensada en términos de lo que puede ser mostrado en el ámbito social. Fray Luis de León en la &lt;u&gt;Perfecta Casada&lt;/u&gt; señala que la real naturaleza de la mujer es frágil y conflictiva, pues la virtud en potencia coexiste con la poderosa posibilidad de que la mujer desarrolle un instinto maligno, que las hacen aborrecibles y de temer. La mujer es maligna, entonces, pero moldeable a través de la educación y el gobierno de la casa. Asimismo, las mujeres son vistas como una propiedad que beneficia o perjudica al poseedor como parte de la circulación del deseo masculino, que depende de las virtudes objetivadas en las mujeres. Cuando las mujeres fallan en estos requerimientos lo que les corresponde a los hombres es buscar reparación, que en ambas narraciones implica deshacerse de ellas. Camila –otro personaje femenino del &lt;u&gt;Desengaño Segundo&lt;/u&gt;- es devaluada cuando es violada por don Juan, mientras que dona Ana –del &lt;u&gt;Desengaño Octavo&lt;/u&gt;- es desvirtuada cuando don Alonso nota que su matrimonio con ella no compensa la perdida de su propia herencia cuando su padre decide castigarlo por casarse con una mujer que no corresponde con su nivel social. Debido a la completa inocencia de dona Ana, al hecho de que, a decir de la narradora (o de los juicios que emitirá después de la narración), su única falta haya sido el exceso de confianza –nuevamente entra aquí el tema del exceso de virtud como condena para la mujer-, podemos decir que el personaje de dona Ana funciona como un chivo expiatorio. Sin embargo, Camila no es del todo exculpada según el juicio moral que plantea la narración cuando es “ajusticiada” por su esposo. Así, hacia el final del Desengaño Segundo se plantea un debate sobre la culpabilidad o no de Camila y la validez de su muerte como solución que repara la honra del esposo. De ahí que el universo moral femenino quede reducido a esta dicotomía de la virtud o la carencia de ella. De esto depende el juicio social que se le haga al hombre, ello explica la paranoia de su lectura de la moral femenina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-PE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;De lo anterior se desprende que la constante victimización de la virtuosa en Zayas hace inviable la existencia de “las perfectas casadas”. Precisamente, esa condición de virtuosidad&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;termina jugando en contra de ellas porque las destina a la desgracia o, en el caso de carecer de aquella condición, que es la otra posibilidad dada por el patriarcalismo, son las malas de la historia. Zayas recae en los estereotipos para dejar en claro que la mujer en su rol social se encuentra paralizada entre dos opciones que, lejos de apuntalar la honra masculina, acentúa más bien los desméritos y la mudabilidad que el hombre también posee. Ninguno de los dos se salva. En tal sentido, la literatura de Zayas no se presenta como espacio para romper la parálisis social, ni para negociar alternativas que negocien con los roles socialmente asignados. Al primar la economía de las lealtades que demanda el pacto social comunitario, el cuerpo de la mujer, que no es uno erotizado sino aludido en su funcionalidad, se presenta como el espacio de la concertación de promesas y pactos sociales. La manera como funcionan estas transacciones demanda que la mujer ponga en riesgo su aceptación en el engranaje social. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"&gt;Dicen Sandra Carvallo y Simona Cerutti: “Accepting a request for sexual intercourse, a woman entrusted her own honor to her partner, awaiting its restitution, she found herself in a liminal position, where her honor was ni a state of suspension”. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-PE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;"&gt;Ella se pone en riesgo y, como lo cuentan los textos de Zayas, pierde porque la amenaza de no cumplir con las expectativas sociales se concreta. El resultado es la marginalidad para ellas –podemos decir también que en realidad nunca se ha salido de ella. Frente a esto, existe algún modo de dignificación en la exposición del sufrimiento femenino en la narrativa de Zayas? Si hay una voz es una violentada, y por ello, más bien sofocada.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Son victimas que no consiguen articular ni responder a la violencia que es ejercida sobre ellas. Así, una voz violentada es una acallada, que siendo asi no puede construir un discurso ni tampoco un modo de resistencia. Tal vez el proyecto de Zayas resalta la imposibilidad de tal articulación (digo quizá, porque este es un estudio todavía incipiente sobre la obra total de los &lt;u&gt;Desengaños&lt;/u&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-4198265714649114221?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/4198265714649114221/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2a-claudia-arteaga-la-articulacion-de.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/4198265714649114221'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/4198265714649114221'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2a-claudia-arteaga-la-articulacion-de.html' title='[2a] Claudia Arteaga :: La articulación de la violencia y las paradojas de la femineidad en dos Desengaños Amorosos de María de Zayas'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-592931658560355782</id><published>2010-03-05T12:10:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T13:23:02.581-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[2b] Fernando Toledo :: “Este circo no va contigo”: crisis de imaginarios urbanos en la narrativa peruana sobre la guerra interna</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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&lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;To be presented in: &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-2-reading-violence.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"&gt;Workshop 2 // Reading Violence &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;Hace un par de semanas, un video colgado en YouTube hizo ruido en la opinión pública peruana, siempre voraz ante los más insólitos escándalos. Rápidamente, diarios, noticieros y programas de opinión reprodujeron el hecho. La historia es sencilla y cotidiana: el director general de la Policía Nacional fue víctima de un reglaje y, como consecuencia, captado en video saliendo de un hostal limeño acompañado de una mujer. La mujer, huelga decirlo, no era su esposa. Las posiciones personales al respecto no me interesan porque no las considero relevantes. Lo que llamó mi atención fue un párrafo en el texto publicado en la versión en línea de El Comercio: “El nuevo reglamento disciplinario de la Policía Nacional, aprobado durante la gestión de la ex ministra del Interior Mercedes Cabanillas, prevé separar a ‘los policías que mantengan relaciones extramaritales’ y que por sus actos causen escándalo o menoscaben la imagen institucional.” (El Comercio)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;De otro lado, la vigente Constitución Política del Perú, afirma que “&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;la comunidad y el Estado protegen especialmente al niño, al adolescente, a la madre y al anciano en situación de abandono. También protegen a la familia y promueven el matrimonio. Reconocen a estos últimos como institutos naturales y fundamentales de la sociedad.”&lt;/span&gt; (Título I, Cap. II, Art. 4)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;La necesidad del Estado y sus instituciones de enfilar su estructura legal a salvaguardar la institución familiar de cualquier tipo de amenaza es síntoma de un discurso fuertemente anclado en el imaginario nacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;La investigación que desarrollo actualmente está enfocada en novelas que narran el periodo de la guerra interna desatada por Sendero Luminoso –al cual, más tarde, se le añadiría el MRTA— contra el Estado peruano a fines del siglo pasado. En ella, sostengo que estas ficciones, desde coordenadas urbanas, experimentan la coyuntura (no sólo las acciones terroristas y la campaña contrasubversiva, sino también los procesos migratorios, la economía informal, la construcción de circuitos culturales) como una desintegración de la familia nuclear burguesa. De este modo, la “crisis” del Perú es percibida como una que afecta, fundamentalmente, a un imaginario compartido, entendido y asumido por estas ficciones como la organización más elemental en las relaciones sociales; y del cual depende, en gran medida, la definición hegemónica del país reproducida en los textos. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;En este sentido, los conflictos individuales que atraviesan los personajes de estas ficciones se constituyen como una prolongación de su experiencia colectiva y, en este proceso, las ideas pre-asumidas de nación, identidad y ciudadanía se muestran desequilibradas y en tránsito hacia una redefinición. Así, las responsabilidades frente a la crisis de un orden oficial homogeneizante (que privilegia lo urbano sobre la “totalidad conflictiva” del país), muchas veces, son trasladadas hacia un agente externo a la ciudad, hacia un Otro a quien se le adjudica la responsabilidad de la situación general del país y, en última instancia, de las ansiedades urbanas ante el orden desestabilizado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;En lo que sigue, quisiera centrarme, desde esta entrada particular, en un par de escenas de &lt;i style=""&gt;El año que rompí contigo&lt;/i&gt;, novela publicada en 2003 por el escritor arequipeño radicado en España Jorge Eduardo Benavides.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;Aníbal y María Fajís conforman un matrimonio joven sin hijos. Viven en Miraflores, un distrito tradicional de clase media, en un ambiente con roles de género bastante definidos. Él es un estudiante de Derecho con ínfulas intelectuales que trabaja de taxista. Ella, también estudiante universitaria, se dedica básicamente a las labores del hogar. Un día, María Fajís llega a casa con un niño de la calle; interrumpido en su lectura de &lt;i style=""&gt;La muerte de Artemio Cruz&lt;/i&gt;, Aníbal muestra una curiosa sorpresa ante el inusual visitante. La escena, pronto, se transforma en una parodia imposible de la familia nuclear burguesa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;La manera en que el niño es descrito hace énfasis en algunas de las características más frecuentes utilizadas por los discursos urbanos para delimitar sus espacios frente a lo que se considera que no pertenece –o que no debe pertenecer—a sus confines: higiene, belleza, educación, orden. Así, el niño presenta un cráneo rapado teñido con “la violeta gensiana con que alguien lo había salvado de liendres y piojos; los bracitos flacos y de codos puntiagudos escapaban de una camiseta cuyo cuello desbocado le daba un aspecto de Rigoletto, de bufoncillo triste; los ojos brillantes y esquivos destacaban en la grisácea inmovilidad del pequeño… olía a infinitos sudores superpuestos, a remedio y legumbres.” (79) Asimismo, al ofrecérsele un vaso de leche, el niño la olfatea y, más adelante, cuando la escena se entrega al melodrama del llanto culposo de María Fajís, el niño intuye en este gesto “un puño cerrado, una bofetada” y, en su terror, busca “la puerta con los ojillos desorbitados por el miedo”. Poco después, para calmar la crisis nerviosa de su mujer, Aníbal guía al niño hacia la puerta, “acariciando la cabeza de erizo violeta”, quien “no esperó que Aníbal abriera la puerta del todo y se escurrió por el primer ángulo que dejó entrar el frío oscuro del pasillo”. (79 – 82) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;En esta descripción, las palabras “niño” y “perro” parecen intercambiables. La animalización y distancia que Aníbal y la ciudad que él representa plantean frente al niño y la ciudad que éste, del mismo modo, representa, se refuerzan al ocurrírsele a Aníbal, durante esta escena, recordar una cita de Ortega y Gasset: “El hombre se diferencia de los animales porque bebe sin sed y ama sin tiempo.” (81)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;La no pertenencia del muchacho a este espacio se evidencia en la serie de ansiedades que despierta en el joven matrimonio. Su presencia desencadena el llanto melodramático, cargado de culpa y buenas intenciones, de María Fajís y los mecanismos de defensa y diferenciación ante ese otro espacio de Aníbal: “dentro de poco nosotros también vamos a estar como este chibolo”, dice (80). De otro lado, la desestabilización de la institución familiar se observa en términos de parodia y endogamia: en este espacio, la diferencia es impensable al interior del núcleo familiar. La idea de la familia nuclear es nuevamente aludida en la broma que Aníbal le hace a María Fajís cuando el niño ya se ha escurrido por la puerta: “De no ser por la efectividad que hasta el momento ha demostrado el Triquilar, juraría que estás embarazada” (83). Pero todo, finalmente, vuelve a su cauce, al orden: por la misma puerta entreabierta por la que huyó el muchacho, ingresan Mauricio y Elsa, compinches de la pareja en sus noches de evasión, intelectualización, vino y jazz: “¿Se puede? La puerta estaba abierta… Hemos traído vinito.” (83)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;La otra escena que me interesa es la final de la novela, en la cual Aníbal es detenido por agentes de seguridad del Estado al habérsele encontrado un libro con tácticas y planes del MRTA en el auto. El libro pertenecía a Mauricio, su amigo periodista, quien empezó a ser chantajeado por miembros del movimiento terrorista, los que le enviaron el libro como prueba de su identidad. En este momento, la guerra entra explícitamente al espacio familiar y arrasa con todo a su paso. Los agentes de seguridad que arrestaron a Aníbal “habían entrado a casa violentamente blandiendo unas palabras fugaces entre improperios y amenazas, tirando las cosas con violencia, registrándolo todo” (336) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;En esta secuencia, la primera agresión es al estatus que el grupo de Aníbal había creado en ese mismo lugar y a partir del cual se definían: en ese apartamento se hablaba de arte, se jugaba a la ficción de inventarle historias a un vecino anciano, se bebía vino y se escuchaba música clásica, jazz, jamás nueva trova cubana; es decir, El Club de la Serpiente en la Lima de fines de los 80. La segunda ataca el centro en el cual se han basado las relaciones y estructuras sociales en los imaginarios urbanos, es decir, la familia. Al acudir al padre de Elsa, un militar de alto rango, para que ayude a Aníbal, María Fajís se entera de la infidelidad de su esposo con Alondra. Y nosotros, junto con ella, de que la amante prostituta de Aníbal, Alondra, no se llama Alondra sino Carmen Arizaga, y que es militante del MRTA, al igual que el señor Romero, el anciano vecino al cual le inventaban historias en sus noches de evasión. La guerra entra al espacio de la clase media urbana –y sus valores y contradicciones—para destrozar su más elemental forma de relacionarse, otra vez, la familia: después de ayudarlo a salir de la cárcel, María Fajís decide romper el matrimonio y abandona a Aníbal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES-PE"&gt;Finalmente, el más grande temor de Aníbal y su ciudad discursiva (“dentro de poco nosotros también vamos a estar como este chibolo”) se vuelve realidad. Estamos en 1989 y varias cosas están concluyendo: la década, la caída del Muro, el primer gobierno de Alan García, su ciudad, su familia. La novela termina con el comienzo de algo: Alberto Fujimori gana las elecciones y lo que la novela refiere como “la consolidación de la democracia” terminará convirtiéndose en la institucionalización de la informalidad y la corrupción, en el imperio de la `tan despreciada cultura chicha, y en la devastación del sistema de partidos de la cual aún hoy el país no se ha recuperado. En este sentido, la ruptura mencionada en el título de la novela se dispara en múltiples direcciones y es marcada por el año final de la década.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10pt;"  lang="ES-PE" &gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-592931658560355782?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/592931658560355782/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2b-fernando-toledo-este-circo-no-va.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/592931658560355782'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/592931658560355782'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/2b-fernando-toledo-este-circo-no-va.html' title='[2b] Fernando Toledo :: “Este circo no va contigo”: crisis de imaginarios urbanos en la narrativa peruana sobre la guerra interna'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-5294173818466715561</id><published>2010-03-05T11:58:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T12:00:18.048-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[1c] Cristina Burneo :: Viaje hacia el sentido: poesía bilingüe en cuatro poetas andinos</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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	mso-header-margin:.5in; 	mso-footer-margin:.5in; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;To be presented in: &lt;a href="http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/workshop-1-european-discourses-and.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"&gt;Workshop 1 // European Discourses and Latin America &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(112, 48, 160);"&gt;(read preliminary debate here)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;“El extranjero comienza cuando surge la conciencia de mi diferencia.” Julia Kristeva&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;En 1930, Vicente Huidobro escribe: “Lo único que me duele es la educación de mis hijos allá y no en Europa. ¿Por qué? Yo mismo no puedo tener ningún respeto y ninguna esperanza por gente educada en la Araucanía, así sean mis hijos. Forzosamente tendré que sentirlos inferiores.” El rechazo de los orígenes del puede constituir la búsqueda de una alternativa que convierte a quien la emprende en un disidente. En quien ha de convertirse en extranjero, el viaje inicia antes de hacerse efectivo físicamente, pues cierta ruptura interior va fraguando la experiencia de la extranjería. Alfredo Gangotena (1904-1944), por su lado, ve en Ecuador un pequeño Hades: “El resto de mi vida sorda y secreta, lo consagraré a cultivar metódicamente el rencor y el desprecio hacia todo lo viviente en ti.” Este poema está escrito en francés, como si la lengua reforzara la distancia por el lugar de origen. El peruano César Moro (1903-1956), por su parte, se reconoce sólo en el Perú incaico, no en el colonial, mientras que Adolfo Costa Du Rels (Bolivia, 1891-1980) aprende a sobrevivir en Córcega intentando ocultar en su hipercorrección de la lengua francesa su marca exótica, “del país de los indios”.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;La presente reflexión se centra en los vínculos existentes entre estos cuatro poetas andinos y el medio cultural parisino del periodo 1890-1950. Su trabajo tiene lugar dentro de una experiencia transatlántica de lenguas, estéticas y “viajes intelectuales”. Todos ellos&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;bebieron de la escena vanguardista en París y&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;produjeron su obra en español y en francés. Mediante la apropiación de un sistema simbólico que satisficiera sus necesidades expresivas, estos poetas crearon un espacio liminal en donde la tensión entre lenguas y mundos funcionó como matriz de producción textual. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;El poema de estas características se convierte en la expresión de una exterioridad que manifiesta una diferencia ontológica: estos autores inscriben en francés su origen andino y su presente cosmopolita, y usan una lengua ajena a fin de denunciar su condición de extranjeros; por otro lado, la vuelta a sus países desencadenará un conflicto con dichos orígenes, dejándolos en un limbo que, al no ser un lugar original ni de domicilio definitivo, se convierte en un tercer espacio. Este horizonte común sugiere la existencia de una problemática frecuente que busca legitimar tanto el acto de escritura como la existencia misma en este desarraigo. En consecuencia, el núcleo de esta reflexión está centrado en un &lt;i style=""&gt;viaje hacia el sentido&lt;/i&gt;, entendido éste como un triple desplazamiento geográfico, lingüístico y estético que avanza en búsqueda de la afirmación del gesto poético y, por tanto, del poeta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;Los Andes han sido tradicionalmente concebidos dentro de las coordenadas indigenistas y como una cultura cerrada que mira hacia su propio centro. Mientras el discurso de la migración y la experiencia transatlántica ha sido explorado en relación con otras regiones americanas, la producción textual andina desarrollada fuera del español&lt;a style="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ha permanecido parcialmente inexplorada. La motivación subyacente de esta investigación es la exclusión de esta poesía tanto del archivo francés como del hispanoamericano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;El mencionado triple desplazamiento manifiesta inevitablemente una tensión entre el exilio geográfico, el interior, la necesidad de cierto grado de asimilación y la angustia de la lengua extranjera. El poema acontece en medio todo esto. Su existencia en una lengua ajena pareciera fijar un nuevo orden –el suyo propio– y a la vez pasar a ser parte de uno previamente instaurado –el que organiza la tradición francesa–, lo cual crea una ilusión del sentido. Giles Deleuze explica: “El sentido es como la esfera en donde ya estoy instalado para operar las designaciones posibles, y aun pensar en las condiciones. El sentido está siempre presupuesto desde que &lt;i style=""&gt;yo&lt;/i&gt; comienzo a hablar; no podría comenzar sin esta presuposición.” (&lt;i style=""&gt;La lógica del sentido&lt;/i&gt;) Así, el poeta bilingüe emprende su búsqueda a partir de un orden que él piensa consistente: la escena en París. A partir, de allí organiza su escritura y, en torno a ella, su propia existencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;Gangotena y Moro son voces disidentes en el contexto de la consolidación de los proyectos nacionales de la primera mitad del siglo XX en América Latina. Moro fue un activo anti-indigenista, y Gangotena dedicó buena parte de su poesía a su conflicto con lo andino y lo indígena. Vicente Huidobro, por otro lado, participó activamente de la vida política chilena e incluso fue candidato a la presidencia de la república. De manera similar, Costa Du Rels ocupó varios cargos diplomáticos. En oposición a la marginalidad de Gangotena y Moro, Huidobro y Costa Du Rels fueron figuras públicas cuyos viajes de reinvención involucraron también sus respectivas concepciones del proyecto nacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;" lang="ES"&gt;Los efectos de la expatriación en París señalan aspectos del mundo andino no siempre tomados en cuenta, a pesar del hecho de que la cultura francesa es una fuerza guiadora y un modelo para el desarrollo del continente desde el s. XVIII. De hecho, los poetas bilingües son el resultado del antiguo “abrazo latino” y de numerosos vínculos entre América Latina y Francia. Esta poesía cuestiona el proyecto nacional como proveedor de una lengua y de identidad definida. Por otro lado, constituye la expresión del malestar existencial del sujeto moderno que habita las márgenes del mundo occidental.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;div style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;hr width="33%" align="left" size="1"&gt;  &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;div style="" id="ftn1"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="ES"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="ES"&gt; La problemática se refiere a lenguas europeas vinculadas a América como el francés, el inglés, el italiano y, en menor medida, el alemán. Las lenguas indígenas merecen otro estudio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/964142186490897744-5294173818466715561?l=roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/feeds/5294173818466715561/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/1c-cristina-burneo-viaje-hacia-el.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/5294173818466715561'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/964142186490897744/posts/default/5294173818466715561'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://roomsfordiscussion.blogspot.com/2010/03/1c-cristina-burneo-viaje-hacia-el.html' title='[1c] Cristina Burneo :: Viaje hacia el sentido: poesía bilingüe en cuatro poetas andinos'/><author><name>Columbia/NYU Conference Committee</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12708138301496850072</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-964142186490897744.post-4090399329659689916</id><published>2010-03-05T11:46:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-30T11:57:16.001-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='presentations'/><title type='text'>[1b] Allen Young :: The Equivocal Modernity of the Baroque</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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